Relationships-(Attraction + partner preferences) + (Theories of romantic Relationships) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 factors affecting overall attraction

A

-Physical attraction
-Self-disclosure
-Filter theory

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2
Q

what is found to be physically attractive in all people

Why

A

-Symmetrical faces = may indicate genetic fitness

-Faces with Neotenous features (baby-face) = trigger protective caring instinct and show fertility

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3
Q

what is found to be physically attractive in Men

A

-Mature features =

Square Jaw
Little eyes
Thin lips

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4
Q

what is found to be physically attractive in women

A

Childlike features =

-Large + widely separated eyes
-A small nose
-small chin
-narrow cheeks

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5
Q

The Halo effect

A

-Physical attractiveness has a disproportionate influence on the judgement of persons attributes e.g: personality
-Good looking people are ‘better people’ and are seen as more Kind, Strong, sociable and successful
-Karen Dion coined the phrase= ‘What is beautiful is good’

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6
Q

The Matching hypothesis theory

A

-People choose romantic partners who are roughly similar physical attractiveness to themselves
-We make a realistic judgement of our own value to a potential partner
Because
If they’re not as attractive as us = settling too much
Ig they’re too attractive = aiming too high, avoid being rejected

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7
Q

On the whole, physical attraction is important in…

A

attraction and thus the formation of relationships

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8
Q

Key points of Self disclosure

A

-SD is important in forming relationships
-Revealing personal information about yourself
-The more we learn about a person, the more we like them
-The more we share, the more our partner understands us
-Self disclosure is a key component of the Social Penetration theory

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9
Q

p

A

p

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10
Q

the Social Penetration theory

factors

A

_developed by Altman + Taylor 1973
-as you disclose more and more, you ‘penetrate ‘ more deeply into each others lives
-Two elements = breadth + depth
-breadth = start of rel. = superficial info
-Depth= As it develops
-As the rel. develops, remove more layers to reveal true selves (^in breadth + depth)
-Eventually willing to reveal high risk info
- Reciprocity, Reward, balance = factors which have positive effects

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11
Q

How are Reciprocity, Reward, balance factors which have positive effects on self disclosure

A

Reciprocity is vital

partner responds in rewarding way = understanding, empathy, their own thoughts and feelings

Balance of SD increases feelings of intimacy

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12
Q

On the whole, the self disclosure theory suggests that

A

Self disclosure affects levels of attraction

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13
Q

Who developed the Filter theory

A

Kerckhoff + Davis (1962)

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14
Q

Three main filters in Filter theory

A

Social demography

Similarity in attitudes

Complementarity

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15
Q

What is Social demography in the filter theory

outcome

A

Factors influencing chance of potential partners meeting
-Geographical location, social class, level of education, ethnic group, religion…
-More likely to meet people who are close.
-Key benefit of this is accessibility
-others who are too ‘different’ are discounted
-Outcome of this filter = homogamy = more likely to form relationships with those who are socially and culturally similar

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16
Q

What is similarity in attitudes in filter theory

A

partners often share important beliefs and values, partially due to social demography
-Found this is only important for relationships less than 18 months
- higher need for agreement in early stages as this promotes greater communication and Self Disclosure
-Without similarity and things in common, relationships is likely to fizzle out

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17
Q

What is complementarity

e.g:

A

Ability of romantic partners to meet each others needs. Two partners complement each other when they have traits the other lacks.
-E.g: one person loves laughing, other loves making jokes
-More important for long term couples

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18
Q

Evolutionary explanations of partner preferences

-Partner preferences are governed by…

which 2 theories is this linked to

A

-Partner preferences are governed by our innate drive to propagate our genes (reproduce)
-This is linked to both Sexual selection and parental investment theory

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19
Q

Sexual selection theory

intro

A

-we have evolved and adapted due to competition for mates
-Any trait that increases reproductive success will become increasingly exaggerated over time (i.e: selected)

20
Q

2 Types of selection - sexual selection theory

Partner preferences

A

1) Inter - selection (between sexes)

2) Intra-selection (within sexes) (men compete with men)

21
Q

list the 5 Key traits in sexual selection

A

-indicators of quality mate
-Signalling Oestrus
-Mating strategies
-Physical attributes
-Parental investment

22
Q

Why do the 5 key traits in sexual selection occur?

A

Anisogamy =

Difference in sex cells
Females = limited Ovum
Males = loads of cum

23
Q

Indicators of quality mate trait

A

-Men prefer young, healthy looking women with an hour glass figure
-Women prefer strong, Mature, resourced healthy looking men

24
Q

Signalling of oestrus trait

A

-Men =attracted to fertile women
-Women have evolved an Oestrus period which signals the Fertile days in the menstrual cycle
-Men prefer women during Oestrus
-psychologists have researched this in terms of Dance

25
Q

mating strategies trait

A

-Males prefer quantity over quality (more casual sex)
-Men find women less attractive after sex
-Women choose quality over quantity
-Women = more choosy

26
Q

Physical attributes Trait

A

Males have evolved due to male competition =
-Larger penises
-Larger testicles
-Faster swimming sperm

27
Q

Parental investment trait

Partner preferences

A

-Evolutionary psychologists argue:
-Women invest more in offspring than men
-This affects their partner preferences
-Women are choosier and seek men with recourses fir long term relationships
-Men focus on dating beautiful young women for short term relationships

28
Q

On the whole, Evolutionary psychologists argue that partner preferences are …

A

governed by sexual selection which related to sex cells

29
Q

who put forward Social exchange theory

A

Thibaut and Kelley in 1959

30
Q

Social Exchange theory

A

-maintenance
-Economic- relationships analogous to business activity
-Cost-reward analysis
-If rewards outweigh costs = stay in relationship
-Rewards also depend on two comparison levels:
CL (comparison level) = Compare to past relationship
CL Alt (alternatives) = alternative partners

-are 4 stages of relationships

31
Q

4 stages of relationships

Social exchange theory

A

-Sampling
-Bargaining
-commitment
-Institutionalised (don’t even consider rewards + costs)

32
Q

Equity theory

A

-maintenance
-Economic theory
-Profit loss analysis
- Satisfied = fairness + balance
-Still want rewards
-Equality does not equal equity
-Own perceived fairness = satisfied
-under benefitted = resentment, irritation
-Over benefitted = Guilty, bored

33
Q

(OTW, Equity theory suggests

A

Relationships are maintained if they are fair

34
Q

who developed investment model of romantic relationships

A

Rusbult (2011)

35
Q

according t Rusbult, what 3 factors does commitment to a relationship depend on

A

-satisfaction level
-Comparison with alternatives
-Investment size

36
Q

The Investment model is an extension of which model

A

Social exchange theory

37
Q

What is an Investment in Rusbults investment model

4 types of investment

A

anything a person puts into a relationship that will be lost if they leave it.

Tangible = money or possessions
Intangible = emotion, effort, energy

Extrinsic= did not previously feature in relationship but now do = house, friends, memories

Intrinsic = take to relationship

38
Q

When would a person be COMMITTED in a relationship according to Rusbults investment model

(acknowlge all 3 factors)

A

-Rewards outweigh costs (satisfaction high)
-Alternatives are less attractive
-Investment Increasing

39
Q

according to Rusbult, what is the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in a relationship

A

COMMITMENT

40
Q

What 5 mechanisms are used to promote relationship maintenance when a partner is dissatisfied

Rusbult’s investment Model

A

-Accommodation - act to promote relationship
-Willingness to Sacrifice - Put partners interest first
-Forgiveness= for anything that hurt them
-Positive illusions = remain completely positive about relationship
-Ridiculing alternatives = stop themselves from finding alternatives

41
Q

Duck’s 4 phases of relationship breakdown and their thresholds

A

1)Intra-psychic phase (‘i can’t stand this anymore’)
2)Dyadic phase (‘I would be justified in withdrawing’)
3)Social phase (dissatisfied partner ‘i mean it’)
4)Grave dressing phase (‘it’s now inevitable’)

42
Q

what is Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown

A

The ending of a relationship goes through four distinct phases.
-Each stage marked by a threshold. = a point where their perception of the relationship changes (usually for worse).
-Breakup begins when a partner realises they are dissatisfied with the relationship and distressed about the way things are going

43
Q

Intra-psychic phase of Duck’s phase mode of relationship breakdown

A

1st stage
Threshold: ‘I can’t stand this anymore’

Focus of cognitive processes occurring within the indiv.
-Focus on reasons for dissatisfaction -> Partners shortcomings.
-Weigh up pros and cons of relationship. Evaluate against alternatives (including being alone).
-Begin to make plans for future

44
Q

Dyadic phase of Ducks phase model of relationship breakdown

A

2nd stage

Threshold: ‘I would be justified in withdrawing’

-Focus on interpersonal processes between the partners.
- Confrontations - relationship discussed, dissatisfactions aired.
e.g: anxiety, hostility, complaints about lack of equity, imbalance of roles resentment, rethinking commitment.

Outcomes :
-Continue to break up
-desire to repair it

Self disclosure is deeper in this stage

45
Q

Social phase of ducks phase model of relationship breakdown

A

3rd stage
Threshold: ‘i mean it’

Focus on Wider processes involving couple’s social networks.
-Break up is made public
-Partners seek support and forge pacts
-Mutual friends have to choose a side
-Some friends provide reinforcement + reassurance
-Some friends place blame on one or other partner
-Some provide previously secret info to hasten break up
-Some may try help to fix relationship

-Usually point of no return . Driven by social forces

46
Q

Grave dressing phase of Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown

A

4th stage

threshold. ‘it’s now inevitable’

Focus on the aftermath

-Create a favourable story about the breakdown for public.
-allows partners to maintain positive reputation
-Usually at expense of other partner, showing them in a bad light
-Gossip is crucial . Crucial that each partner tries to retain social credit. by blaming everything and everyone but themselves.

-Also create own private story of events that you can live with. More to do with tidying up memories.
-Reinterpret past endearing traits of partner from as negative (helps not to look back)

Finally reaches threshold ‘time to get a new life’