Research methods 3

Question 1

2 types of data analysis

Answer 1

1. Descriptive statistics
   2) Inferential stats

Question 2

quantitative data

Answer 2

numerical

Question 3

qualitative data

Answer 3

descriptive

Question 4

Primary data

Answer 4

Collected by reaearcher

Question 5

Secondary data

Answer 5

collected by someone other than researcher ie: meta analyses

Question 6

eval quantitative data

Answer 6

(+) objective
(-) lacks depth

Question 7

qualitative data

Answer 7

(+) detailed
(-) Subjective interpretations

Question 8

Eval primary data

Answer 8

(+) research can fit aim
(-) More time consuming

Question 9

eval secondary data

Answer 9

(+) less expensive , less effort
(-) Research may not fully match the aims
(-) research may not be of high quality

Question 10

Eval mean

Answer 10

(+)takes into account all data
(-) Affected by extreme values

Question 11

Eval Median

Answer 11

(+) Not affected by extreme values
(-) doesn’t take all values into account

Question 12

Eval Mode x4

Answer 12

(+) Not effected by extreme values
(+) useful for categorical data
(-)Doesn’t take all values into account
(-) sometimes there isn’t a mode

Question 13

Eval standard deviation

Answer 13

(+) Not affected by extreme values
(-) Complicated to work out

Question 14

What does the spread of data tell us

Answer 14

How consistent the data is

The smaller the spread, the more consistent = fewer individual difference s

Question 15

Histogram

Answer 15

Used to present frequencies of continuous data

Question 16

Bar chart

Answer 16

Used for non-continuous variables because bars are sperate from each other

Question 17

Frequency polygon/ line graph

Answer 17

Used to show the frequencies of continuous data

Question 18

Comment on mean and standard deviation question TEMPLATE

Answer 18

-PEE structure
-2 separate paragraphs

P - Which condition has a higher mean/standard deviation
Exa- Evidence from data. State which number is higher
Expl- What does this mean in the context of the study

Question 19

3 types of (normal) Distributions of data

Answer 19

1) Normal distribution
2) Negative skew
3) positive skew

Question 20

Normal distribution

Answer 20

-Symmetrical
-mean, median + mode in same place
-Bell shape

Question 21

negative skew distribution

Answer 21

-Mode is high
-not symmetrical

Question 22

Positive skew distribution

Answer 22

-Mode is low
-Not symmetrical

Question 23

where is mean, mode median placed on a skewed graph

Answer 23

Mode placed at peak of graph

Mean placed in middle of graph

Median placed in between the two

Question 24

Factors affecting the choice of stats test

Answer 24

1) Hypothesis- Difference or relationship ? (experiment or correlation)
2) Level of data - Nominal, ordinal, Interval/ratio
3) Research design - Related or unrelated?

Question 25

Nominal data

Answer 25

Number of p.p falling into various categories

Not everyone gets a score

Question 26

Ordinal data

Answer 26

Data can be ranked from lowest to highest

Each p.p gets a score

Measured on scales of unequal interval

(rating scales are ordinal)

Question 27

Interval/Ratio data

Answer 27

Each p.p gets a score

Fixed equal intervals between the units of measurement on a continuous (established) Scale

Question 28

Which research designs are Related or unrelated

Answer 28

Independant groups = unelated
Matched pairs = Related
Repeated measures = Related

Question 29

How to conduct a sign test

Answer 29

1) Work out how many (+) , (-) , or (0) category by subtracting Condition B from A
2) Get rid of the zero (omit)
3) count up how many you have of each sign
4) ‘S’ is the sum of the less frequent sign

Question 30

Stats tests for NOMINAL DATA

Answer 30

chi square

Sign test

Chi square

Question 31

stats test for ORDINAL DATA

Answer 31

Mann Whitney

Wilcoxon

Spearman Rho

Question 32

stats test for Interval data

Answer 32

Unrelated T test

Related T test

Pearson

Question 33

stats test for UNRELATED design

Answer 33

Chi square

Mann whitney

Unrelated T test

Question 34

stats test for Related design

Answer 34

Sign test

Wilcoxon

Related T test

Question 35

stats test for correlation

Answer 35

Chi square

Spearman rho

Pearson

Question 36

How to calculate degrees of freedom for chi square

Answer 36

(rows-1) x (columns-1)

Question 37

Statements of Significance Template

Answer 37

-The calculated (observed) value of ….. (Symbol) was _________.
The critical value (p<___, n1=____ and n2=_____, 1/2 tailed test, df=___ )
is ___ .

-BEcause the calculated value was (greater/less than) the critical value, it was decided that the result was (significant/insignificant)

-Therefore, the ………. Hypothesis was (accepted/rejected)

-This means that….

Question 38

Type 1 error

Answer 38

false positive, reject null when not true
More likely if the significance level is set too high. e.g: (p<0.10)

Question 39

Type 2 error

Answer 39

False negtive, (accept nul when it’s false)
More likely if P is set too low e.g: (p<0.01)

Question 40

Why do we use (p<0.05)

Answer 40

To reduce risk of type 1 and 2 errors

Question 41

2 methods of analysing Qualitative data

Answer 41

1) content analysis
2) thematic analysis

Question 42

Thematic analysis

Answer 42

1. gather data from interviews, diaries or focus groups (which are flexible and open ended)
   2)data transcribed
   3) Analysis is attempted without any pre conceptions
   4) the psychologist then codes the data by highlighting key themes that arise
   5) Interpret meaning of the themes

Question 43

Eval thematic analysis x3

Answer 43

(+) in depth + detail
(-) Time consuming
(-) subjective