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2nd Time Through > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Embryo: Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis? Produced where?

A

Sonic hedgehog. Made at base of limbs

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2
Q

Needed for organization along dorsal-ventral axis? produced

A

wnt-7. apical ectodermal ridge

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3
Q

needed for lengthening of limbs. Produced?

A

FGF. apical ectodermal ridge

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4
Q

Involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction. Mutation leads to?

A

Homeobox gene. Appendages in wrong locations

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5
Q

When does beta hCG secretion begin?

A

Week one of fetal development

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6
Q

Developmental milestones in week two, three, four?

A

Bilaminar disc (Yolk sac and amnion)

trilaminar disc and neural plate

heart begins to beat and neural tube closes

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7
Q

When is genitalia seen In fetal development?

A

Week 10

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8
Q

Derivatives that surface ectoderm?

A 
BEADPEEL
Breast (mammillary) glands
Enamel
Anterior pituitary and anal canal
Distal urethra
Parotid gland
Epidermis 
Ear
Lens of eye
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9
Q

Derivatives of neuroectoderm

A

Brain, posterior pituitary, retina

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10
Q

Derivatives of neural crest

A 
SHAPES
Skull bones
Heart – aorticopulmonary septum
Arachnoid
Pia
Endocrine glands (chromaffin, c-cells)
Skin - MSH
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11
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm

A

Muscles, blood, urine, reproduction

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12
Q

Mesodermal defects

A 
VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects
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13
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

G.I. tract, respiratory tract, neck (thymus, thyroid, parathyroid)

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14
Q

Malformation versus Deformation

A

During embryonic vs post embryonic period

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15
Q

Twin development

A

A=amnion, C=chorion

Until Week 4 - diC and diA
4-8: monoC diA
8-12: monoC, monoA
12+: conjoined

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16
Q

Cytotrophoblasts versus syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Make cells versus secretes beta hCG

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17
Q

Decides basalis? Derived from?

A

Contains maternal blood. Derived from endometrium

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18
Q

Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from?

A

Allantois

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19
Q

Failure of urachus to obliterate could lead to?

A

Patent urachus, vesicourachal diverticulum (Outpouching of bladder)

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20
Q

Omphalomesenteric duct aka?

A

Vitelline duct

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21
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A

See page 509

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22
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives?

A

First cleft forms external auditory meatus. Rest are obliterated.

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23
Q

Patient comes in with a persistent cervical sinus. Remnant of?

A

Branchial cleft

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24
Q

Patient with mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities. Cause?

A

Treacher-Collins syndrome. First arch neural crest fails to migrate

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25
Q

Patient with fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck

A

Congenital pharyngeal cutaneous fistula

26
Q

Branchial arch Derivatives?

A

See page 510

27
Q

Branchial pouch derivatives?

A

Ear, tonsils, bottom to top

1, 2, 3-dorsal, 3-ventral, 4

28
Q

Parafollicular cells of thyroid derived from?

A

Neural Crest. Associates with Fourth and fifth pharyngeal pouches

29
Q

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes?

A

Cleft lip

30
Q

Failure of fusion of the lateral Palitine process, the nasal septum, and the median Palitine process

A

Cleft palate

31
Q

Components needed for male Differentiation?

A

SRY gene - Testes determining factor

Sertoli cells - MIH

Leydig cells - Androgens

32
Q

Mullerian duct forms?

A

Tubes and upper vagina. Does not form Ovaries

33
Q

Mesonephric duct forms?

A

Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and ductus deferens

34
Q

Genital tubercle versus urogenital sinus

A

Forms structures versus forms glands

35
Q

Gubernaculum In male versus female

A

Anchors testes within scrotum

vs

forms ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

36
Q

Lymphatic drainage of proximal two thirds of the vagina and uterus

A

Obturator, external iliac, and hypogastric nodes

37
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovaries connects and contains?

A

Connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall. Contains ovarian vessels

38
Q

Cardinal ligament contains and connects?

A

Connects cervix to side of pelvis and contains uterine vessels

(Cardinal Connects Cervix)

39
Q

Round ligament of the uterus connects and contains

A

Uterine fundus to labia majora, artery of Sampson

40
Q

Area of female repro with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Vagina, ectocervix

41
Q

Area of the female repro with simple columnar epithelium

A

Endocervix, uterus, fallopian tube

42
Q

Area of female reproductive tract with simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Ovary

43
Q

Nerves that control erection, emission, and ejaculation

A

Pelvic nerve, hypogastric nerve, pudendal nerve

44
Q

Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Inhibin, antigen binding protein.

45
Q

Function of antigen binding protein?

A

Concentrates sperm in testes

46
Q

What cells of testes are temperature sensitive?

A

Sertoli cells. Leydig cells are unaffected by temperature

47
Q

Genetic makeup of primary spermocyte, secondary spermocyte, and spermatids?

A

46;4N
23;2N
23;1N

48
Q

Spermiogenesis?

A

Haploid immature sperm to mature spermatozoon. Loss of cytoplasmic contents, gain of acrosomal cap

49
Q

Hormone needed to deepen voice

A

Testosterone

50
Q

Early effects of DHT vs late effects

A

Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate.

Prostate growth, balding, and sebaceous gland activity

51
Q

Functions of estrogen

A

Secondary sex characteristics

Growth of follicle and endometrium

Decrease FSH and LH

Increase prolactin in the body and decreases prolactin in the breast

52
Q

Hormone that is an indicator of fetal well-being

A

Estriol

53
Q

Functions of progesterone

A

Formation of spiral arteries

Maintain pregnancy and secretion

Thickens mucus

Decreases contractions

Inhibits FSH/LH

54
Q

Tanner stages of development

A

Nothing, boobs, pubes, growth, squirt

55
Q

Phase of menstrual cycle with increase in body temperature

A

Secretory phase with progesterone

56
Q

Primordial vs primary vs secondary vs Graffian follicle - histo?

A

Surrounded by flat follicular cells

Surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells

Layers of follicular cells with antrum

Extends through cortex and bulges out

57
Q

Oocytes: MeiosisI arrested in? Meiosis II arrested in?

A

Prophase I, metaphase II

58
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

Upper end of Fallopian tube, the ampulla

59
Q

Beta hCG levels peak at what week? Hormones that continue to rise during pregnancy?

A

Week 10. Prolactin, progesterone, ACTH (ACTH around week 25)

60
Q

What allows for lactation after pregnancy? What is needed to maintain lactation?

A

Decrease in progesterone. Suckling (oxytocin and prolactin release)

61
Q

Changes in menopause

A 
HHAVOC
Hirsutism
Hot flashes
Atrophy of the vagina
Osteoporosis
Coronary artery disease
62
Q

Maternal diabetes effect on fetus?

A

Insulin does not cross placenta. Glucose crosses placenta causes hyperplasia of islet cells. Leads to transient hyperglycemia of newborn.

2nd Time Through (23 decks)

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