Biochem - Metabolism Flashcards
Malate-aspartate shuttle vs glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
Transport to Mito for Ox phos in heart/liver vs muscle. 32 vs 30 ATP produced
Metabolic Carriers of:
electrons, acyl groups, CO2, 1-carbon units, aldehydes?
ATP, NAD(P)H/FAD, CoA/Lipoamide, Biotin, Tetrahydrofolate, TTP
NAD vs NADPH
catabolic vs anabolic
NADPH used in?
Repiratory burst
P450
Glutathionereductase
Hexokinase vs glucokinase - Km, Vmax, affected by insulin? Inhibited by?
low Km, low Vmax, not induced by insulin, Inhibited by glucose 6-P
vs
high Km, low, Vmax, induced by insulin, Inhibited by Fructose 6-P
Alanine affects what reaction in glycolysis?
inhibits 1,3BPG to 3PG
cAMP affect on liver?
More cAMP when fasting - Liver starts pumping out glucose
1) increase gluconeogenesis (increases activation of FBPase-2)
2) increase glycogenolysis
Location of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Cofactors? Activated by
Mito Matrix.
B1,2,3,5, Lipoic acid.
increased NAD, ADP, Ca
Why make Ala from pyruvate? Cofactor?
Takes amino groups out of cell, preventing a-ketoglutarate from being turned into glutamate/. B6
Pyruvate can form? (cofactors)
1 acetyl CoA (B1,2,3,5, Lipoic acid)
2 alanine (B6)
3 Oxaloacetate (B7)
4 Lactic acid (B3)
Cells with high lactic acid production?
RBCs, WBCs
Lens, Cornea
Testes
Kidney medulla
Fluroacetate?
Blocks aconitase (conversion of citrate to isocitrate)
Inhibitors of Ox Phos?
Uncoupling agents?
Complex#: 1 - rotenone 2 - none 3 - antimycin 4(CytochromC) - cyanide/CO 5 - oligomycin
2,4-DNP and aspirin are uncoupling agents
Gluoneogensis. Location of irreversible enzymes?
Pyruvate carboxylase - Mito
PEP carboxykinase - cytosol
Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase - cytosol
glucose 6-phosphatase - SMOOTH ER
HMP shunt - most in what cells?
RBCs - glutathione
Mammary glands - anabolic synthesis
Liver/Adrenal CTX (FAS, steroid synthesis)
Nitroblue tetrazolium?
If positive, can still have deficiency in? (vulnerable to?)
stains blue in presence of NADPH oxidase.
MPO - RF for candida
G6PD deficiency - good thing about it?
protective against malaria. Prevalent in blacks
Urea cycle deficiency- diet? drugs?
no protein. Benzoate, pheylbutyrate
Cori Cycle vs Alanine cycle?
Take Lactate vs NH3 to liver which converts it to pyruvate.
PKU - malignant vs not?
no THB (can’t convert Phe AND Tyr) vs no phenylalanine hydroxylase
Diabetics - why retinopathy, neuropathy, cateracts, nephropathy?
Sorbitol accumulation and no dehydrogenase to convert it to fuctose
Essential AAs?
PVT TIM HALL proline Valine Threonine Tryrosine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine
Glucogenic AAs?
Met, Val, His
Acidic AAs?
glutamate, aspartate
Basic AAs?
Arg, Lys, His (His has no charge at body pH)
AAs that become essential for growth?
Arg, His
AAs that are needed for histones?
Arg, lys (the positive ones)
Urea cycle - why is NH4 bad?
converts a-ketoglu to glutamate, shutting down TCA
Cystine?
2 cysteines connected by disulfate bond
Glucagon/E on liver glycogen?
increases cAMP - PKA - activates Glycogen phosphorylase kinase - activates glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogenolysis in muscle?
Ca-calmodulin activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase - activates glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen Storage Diseases:
Very Poor CArbohydrate Metabolism (so don't eat HERShey's) Von gierke's Pompe's Cori's Anderson's McArdle's Her's
Citrate vs carnitine shuttle?
Synthesis (“SYtrate) vs Breakdown (CARNage) for fatty acids
1 gram, protein, carb and fat - energy?
4, 4, 9
LCAT?
Esterification of cholesterol (makes it most fat soluble)
