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2nd Time Through > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

0
Q

Phase 1 clinical trial

A

Assesses safety and toxicity

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1
Q

Type of study that measures odds ratio? Type of study that measures relative risk?

A

Case-control vs cohort

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2
Q

Phase 2 clinical trial

A

Efficacy and dosing and adverse effects

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3
Q

Incidence rate multiplied by the average disease duration is an estimate of?

A

Prevalence

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5
Q

Odds ratio?

A

(a/c) / (b/d)

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6
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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7
Q

Specificity

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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8
Q

PPV

A

TP/(TP+FP)

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9
Q

NPV

A

TN/(FN+TN)

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10
Q

Relative Risk?

A

a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)

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11
Q

Attributable Risk?

A

a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)

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12
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A

a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)

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13
Q

Number needed to treat?

A

1/absolute risk

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14
Q

Number needed to harm?

A

1/attributable risk

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15
Q

Selection bias

A

Nonrandom assignment to participation in the study group

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16
Q

Recall bias. Seen what type of studies

A

Knowledge of the presence of the disorder alters recall by subjects. A worry in retrospective studies

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17
Q

Late look bias

A

Information gathered at an inappropriate time

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18
Q

Procedure bias

A

Subjects in different groups are not Treated the same

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19
Q

Confounding bias

A

Occurs when one factor is related to both exposure and outcome but is not on the cost of pathway

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20
Q

Lead-time bias

A

Early detection confused with increased survival

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21
Q

Observer expectancy effect

A

Occurs when researchers believe in the efficacy of the treatment changes the outcome

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22
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

When the grouping study changes behavior when they know they’re being studied

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23
Q

1, 2, 3 SDs

A

68, 95, 99

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24
Q

Positive skew versus negative skew

A

Mean>median>mode

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25
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There is no association between the disease and the Risk factor

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26
Q

Type one error. Value?

A

Stating there is an effect when there’s none. Alpha

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27
Q

Type II error. Value?

A

Stating that there is no effect when there is. Beta.

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28
Q

Power. Increases with?

A

1-beta. Probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is in fact faults. Increases with sample size, expected effect size and precision of measurement

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29
Q

If confidence interval includes this, Ho is not rejected. If odds ratio relative risk includes this Ho is not rejected

A

0, 1

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30
Q

T-test vs ANOVA Vs chi-squared test

A

Measures difference of Means of two groups

Measures difference of Means of three or more groups

Measures difference between two or more percentages or proportions

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31
Q

Primary secondary and tertiary disease prevention

A

Prevent disease occurrence, detect disease early, reduce disability

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32
Q

Non-malficence

A

Do no harm

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33
Q

When is consent not needed for minors

A

Emergencies, contraceptives, STD, pregnancy, treatment of drug addiction

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34
Q

When is it okay to break confidentiality?

A

Reportable diseases, child abuse, Elder abuse, driving while impaired, suicidal ideation

35
Q

Patient is not adherent

A

Ask why

36
Q

Patient wants an unnecessary procedure

A

Ask why

37
Q

Patient has difficulty taking medications

A

Provide written instructions, attempt to simplify treatment regimens and asked patients repeat medication regimen back to physician

38
Q

Family members ask for information

A

Avoid telling them

39
Q

A child wishes tomorrow know more about their illness

A

Ask them what the parents have told them

40
Q

A minor wants an abortion

A

Most states require parental notification or consent

41
Q

A 15-year-old pregnant female wants to keep the child. Parents want to give up the child.

A

Patient retains right to make decisions regarding the child. Provide information about practical issues if child care

42
Q

Terminally ill patient requests physician assistants in ending life

A

Refuse involvement. You may prescribe analgesics that shorten patient’s life

43
Q

Patient is suicidal

A

Ask them to stay in the hospital

44
Q

Patient find you attractive

A

Asked direct questions and use a chaperone

45
Q

Woman feels ugly after mastectomy

A

Ask why she feels this way

46
Q

Patient is angry about amount of time he’s been waiting

A

Acknowledge patients anger and apologize for any inconvenience

47
Q

Patient is upset the way she’s been treated by another doctor

A

Suggest the patient speak directly to that physician. If the problem is with the staff member tell the patient you will speak to that individual

48
Q

The drug company offers a referral fee for every patient enrolled in study

A

Patients must be told about the existence of a referral fee

49
Q

Patient requires a treatment not covered by insurance

A

Discuss all treatment options even if some are not covered

50
Q

Apgar scores

A

7+ is good
4-6 need to assist
<4 resuscitate

51
Q

Low birth weight defined as? Complications?

A

Less than 2500 g. Infections, respiratory infant distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage.

52
Q

Birth to three months. Milestones?

A

Rooting reflex, holds head up, Moro reflex disappears.

Social smile, responds to voice

53
Q

7-9 month milestones?

A

Sits alone, crawls, transfers toys from hand to hand

Stranger anxiety, uses gestures, responds to name, plays peekaboo

54
Q

12-15 mo milestones

A

Walks, the babinski sign disappears

Separation anxiety, few words

55
Q

1-2 year milestones

A

Climb stairs, stacks blocks,

rapproachment (moves away from and then returns to mother)

200 words and two word phrases

56
Q

2-3 years milestones

A

Feed self with fork and spoon, kicks ball

Core gender identity, parallel play, toilet training

57
Q

3 yr milestone

A

Tricycle, copies line or circle drawings

Can spend part of day away from mother

58
Q

4 yr milestones

A

Uses buttons and zippers, brushes teeth, hops on 1 foot, draws stick figures

Imaginary friends

59
Q

Changes in sexual interest and intelligence in elderly?

A

None

60
Q

Changes in sleep patterns in elderly

A

Decreased REM and slow wave, increased awakenings

61
Q

Normal grief consists of?

A

Shock, denial, guilt, and somatic symptoms

62
Q

Pathologic grief?

A

Lasting more than six months, delayed grief, inhibited, or denied

May experience depression delusions and hallucinations

63
Q

Waveform when awake with eyes open

A

Beta

64
Q

Waveform when awake with eyes closed

A

Alpha

65
Q

Waveform in stage N2 sleep

A

Sleep spindles and K complexes. 45% of sleep

66
Q

Waveform in stage N1 sleep

A

Theta. 5% of sleep

67
Q

Waveform in stage N3 sleep

A

Delta

68
Q

Beta waves verses delta waves?

A

Highest frequency lowest amplitude

Lowest frequency, highest amplitude

69
Q

Sleep stage with sleepwalking night terrors and bedwetting

A

Slow wave sleep. Stage N3

70
Q

Changes in REM sleep?

A

Most oxygen using brain, erections, dreaming, loss of motor tone

71
Q

Neurotransmitter needed to initiate sleep?

A

5HT

72
Q

Bedwetting treat with?

A

DDAVP over imipramine

73
Q

Effect of alcohol benzodiazepines and barbiturates on sleep,

A

Reduce REM and Delta sleep

74
Q

Drugs to use for night terrors and sleepwalking

A

Benzos

75
Q

Neurotransmitter in REM sleep. NT that reduces REM sleep

A

ACh, NE

76
Q

Aka REM sleep

A

Desynchronized sleep, paradoxical sleep?

77
Q

Extra eye movements during REM sleep controlled by

A

PPRF

78
Q

Changes in sleep in depression

A

Decreased slow wave sleep, REM latency

Increased REM early in Sleep Cycle, total REM sleep

Repeated awakenings, early-morning awakening.

79
Q

Excessive daytime sleepiness, may involve hallucinations, sleep episodes begin with?

A

Narcolepsy. REM sleep

80
Q

Loss of muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus. Tx?

A

Narcolepsy. Treat with amphetamines modafinil, GHB

81
Q

Circadian rhythm controlled by?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus. Controls ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, and nocturnal and NE release.

82
Q

Melatonin pathway of release?

A

SCN, NE release, pineal gland, melatonin

83
Q

If you have a memory of a dream when did it occur?

A

During REM sleep

84
Q

Sleep terror disorder occurs during what stage of sleep

A

Slow wave sleep. No memory.

2nd Time Through (23 decks)

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