Endocrine Flashcards
Most common site of extopic thyroid tissue?
tongue.
Divisions of fetal adrenal gland? Secretes?
inner active fetal gland and dormant adult gland. Adult gland begins secreting cortisol for lung development late in gestation?
Pheochryomocytoma vs neuroblastoma symptoms?
episodic HTN vs none
Left adrenal drainage vs right? Other vein that follows similar pattern?
Left adrenal vein to left renal vein to IVC
Right adrenal vein straight to IVC
Gondal veins similar
Hormones secreted from what begins as Rathke’s pouch? Color on stains?
FLAT PEG
Basophils (Purple): FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophiles (Pink): Prolactin, GH
Rathke’s pouch derived from?
Surface ectoderm
Location and function of pancreatic a, b, y, cells?
a cells: periphery - glucagon
b cells - center - insulin
y cells - interspersed - somatostatin
Arcuate nucleus makes?
Anterior/medial hypothalamus?
Paraventricular nucleus?
GHRH/DA
GnRH
TRH
beta cells - mech for insulin release?
increase ATP, blocks K channels, depol, increase Ca, insulin release
Areas with insulin independent glucose uptake?
BRICK-L
Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver
GLUT1 vs 2 vs 4 – Relationship with insulin? Scene in what tissue types?
Insulin independent versus bidirectional versus insulin dependent
RBCs/Brain vs pancreas/liver/kidney vs fat/skeletal muscle
Insulin - effect on kidneys?
Na retention
Other than glucose, what increases insulin release? Decreases?
More insulin from ingested or injected glucose?
B2-ags
Somatostatin and a2-ags
Ingested (increased gastric inhibitory peptide –> increased beta cell response)
Insulin - 2 pathways inside cell?
TK can
1) PI3-K pathway - increases GLUT4 expression
2) RAS/MAP-K pathway - cell growth/DNA synthesis
Factor that causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon, NE, E
GnRH inhibited by? which is inhibited by?
DA –| Prolactin –| GnRH