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2nd Time Through > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Most common site of extopic thyroid tissue?

A

tongue.

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2
Q

Divisions of fetal adrenal gland? Secretes?

A

inner active fetal gland and dormant adult gland. Adult gland begins secreting cortisol for lung development late in gestation?

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3
Q

Pheochryomocytoma vs neuroblastoma symptoms?

A

episodic HTN vs none

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4
Q

Left adrenal drainage vs right? Other vein that follows similar pattern?

A

Left adrenal vein to left renal vein to IVC

Right adrenal vein straight to IVC

Gondal veins similar

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5
Q

Hormones secreted from what begins as Rathke’s pouch? Color on stains?

A

FLAT PEG
Basophils (Purple): FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophiles (Pink): Prolactin, GH

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6
Q

Rathke’s pouch derived from?

A

Surface ectoderm

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7
Q

Location and function of pancreatic a, b, y, cells?

A

a cells: periphery - glucagon
b cells - center - insulin
y cells - interspersed - somatostatin

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8
Q

Arcuate nucleus makes?

Anterior/medial hypothalamus?

Paraventricular nucleus?

A

GHRH/DA

GnRH

TRH

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9
Q

beta cells - mech for insulin release?

A

increase ATP, blocks K channels, depol, increase Ca, insulin release

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10
Q

Areas with insulin independent glucose uptake?

A

BRICK-L

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver

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11
Q

GLUT1 vs 2 vs 4 – Relationship with insulin? Scene in what tissue types?

A

Insulin independent versus bidirectional versus insulin dependent

RBCs/Brain vs pancreas/liver/kidney vs fat/skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Insulin - effect on kidneys?

A

Na retention

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13
Q

Other than glucose, what increases insulin release? Decreases?

More insulin from ingested or injected glucose?

A

B2-ags

Somatostatin and a2-ags

Ingested (increased gastric inhibitory peptide –> increased beta cell response)

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14
Q

Insulin - 2 pathways inside cell?

A

TK can

1) PI3-K pathway - increases GLUT4 expression
2) RAS/MAP-K pathway - cell growth/DNA synthesis

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15
Q

Factor that causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucagon, NE, E

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16
Q

GnRH inhibited by? which is inhibited by?

A

DA –| Prolactin –| GnRH

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17
Q

Hormone that increases prolactin release?

Effects of prolactin release?

A

TRH, Estrogen

Increased milk production, GnRH

18
Q

GH - effect on insulin?

How does GH increase bone growth?

A

causes insulin resistance

Increases IGF-1 in the liver

19
Q

GH inhibited by?

A

glucose and somatostatin

20
Q

Functions of Cortisol?

A

BBIIGG

up BP, down Bone
up insulin resistance, down inflam
up gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis

21
Q

ACTH release controlled by?

A

Suprochiasmatic nucleus (controlled by circadian rhythms)

22
Q

PTH - effect on bone cells?

A

Increased M-CSF and RANK-L in osteoblasts. Stimulate osteoclasts

23
Q

Mg and PTH release?

A

decreased Mg causes increased PTH

severely decreased MG causes decreased PTH

24
Q

PTH increases Ca from?

A

Bone resorption
Kidney resorption
Kidney production of calcitriol

25
Q

Vit D - function?

A

Increases Ca and PO4 aborption from gut

26
Q

Calcitonin released from?

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid

27
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: cAMP

A

FLAT CCHHiMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH/calcitonin, hCG/hGHRH, MSH, PTH

…and glucagon (modulates cAMP for gluconeogenesis)

28
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: cGMP

29
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: IP3

A

GGOAT

Gastrin, GnRH, Oxytocin, ATII,TRH

30
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: Steroid receptor

A

VETTT CAP

vit D, estrogen, testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, ALDO, Progesterone

31
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: tyrosine kinase receptor to MAP-K

A

Insulin, growth factors IGF, FGF, PDGF, EGF

32
Q

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: JACK-STAT

A

PIG

Prolactin, IL-2/6/8/INF-y, GH

33
Q

Functions of T3?

A 
4Bs
Brain maturation
Bone growth
B1 -ad effects (increase HR, CO, SV)
Basal metabolic rate (via Na/K-ATPase)
34
Q

Causes a decreased in Thyroxine Binding proteinP?

an increase?

A

hepatic failure

pregnancy and OCP

35
Q

T3 to T4 via?

A

5’-deiodinase

36
Q

Perioxidase?

A

Thyroid hormone manufacturing:
Oxidation (I to I2)
organification (I2 + thyroglobulin)
Coupling (T3/T4 form MIT/DIT)

37
Q

Propylthiouracil vs Methimazole?

A

inhibits peroxidase and 5’deiodinase vs inhibits peroxidase

38
Q

Why give iodized salt if exposed to radiation?

A

non-radioactive iodine saturates and prevents concentration of radioactive iodine in thyroid

39
Q

Overload of Iodine?

A

temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase (organification step)

40
Q

Occulsion of brachial artery leads to carpal spasm - cause?

41
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules?

A

DM leading to NEG of EA of kidney

2nd Time Through (23 decks)

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