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Renal Antomy Flashcards

1
Q

When are the kidneys palatable

A

When enlarged
Very low body fat

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2
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney

A

Liver

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3
Q

Where is the renal angle

A

Junction of 12th rib and lateral border of erector spinae

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4
Q

Kidney functions

A

Maintain fluid balance
Regulate and filter blood
Synthesis and release hormones

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5
Q

What organs are on anterior to the right kidney

A

Liver
Duodenum
R colic/hepatic flexture

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6
Q

What organs are anterior to the left kidney

A

Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
L colic/splenic flexure
Small intestine

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7
Q

Hepatorenal recess

A

Potential space that separates the liver and right kidney

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8
Q

What potential space is between the liver and right kidney

A

Hepatorenal recess/ pouch of morison

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9
Q

Is the hepatorenal recess usually visible on ultrasound

A

No

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10
Q

What can collect in the hepatorenal recess

A

Fluid - when lying

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11
Q

What conditions make the hepatorenal recess very defined on ultrasound

A

Haemoperitoneum
Ascites
Pancreatitis

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12
Q

What structures are posterior to the kidneys

A

Branches of lumbar plexus
Muscles

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13
Q

What layer immediately covers the kidneys

A

Perinephric fat

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14
Q

What are the 2 layers of fat covering the kidneys

A

Perinephric fat
Paranephric fat

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15
Q

What separates the Perinephric fat and paranephric fat

A

Renal fascia

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16
Q

What is the outer part of the kidney

A

Fibrous Capsule

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17
Q

What 3 structures are in the kidney hilum

A

Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Renal vein

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18
Q

What is between the adrenal gland and kidney

A

Fat

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19
Q

What does the renal pelvis become

A

Ureter

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20
Q

Is the cortex or medulla lighter coloured

A

Cortex

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21
Q

What does fluid drain through to reach the renal pelvis

A

Renal papilla

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22
Q

What are the sections of the renal medulla called

A

Renal pyramids

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23
Q

Renal pyramids

A

Sections of kidney medulla

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24
Q

Renal columns

A

Areas of cortex that extend down between renal pyramids

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25
Q

What separates renal pyramids

A

Renal columns

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26
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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27
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus and nephron tubule

A

Glomerulus - filters blood
Tubule - returns needed substances to blood and removes waste

28
Q

What do the interlobar arteries in the kidneys become

A

Arcuate arteries

29
Q

How does blood travel from the interlobar arteries to interlobar veins

A

Interlobar art -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> vasa reacts -> interlobular veins

30
Q

What does the renal artery branch into

A

Segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries

31
Q

why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein

A

Has to cross over abdo aorta

32
Q

What veins drain into the left renal vein

A

Left adrenal veins
Left Gonadal veins

33
Q

Innervation of the kidneys

A

Renal plexus

34
Q

What are the nerve roots of the renal plexus

35
Q

Where is pain in the kidneys referred to

A

Flank/groin

36
Q

Are the ureters intra or Retroperitoneal

37
Q

How is movement of fluid from the bladder to the ureters prevented

A

One way flap valve as ureters enter bladder

38
Q

Layers of the ureter wall

A

Transitional epithelium mucosa
Smooth muscle muscular is
Fibrous CT adventitia

39
Q

What are the 3 constriction sites in the ureters

A

Uteropelvic junction
Pelvic inlet
Uterovesical junction

40
Q

Where do the ureters pass over the pelvic brim

A

Bifurcation of common iliac arteries

41
Q

Where do visceral afferents from the ureters enter the spinal cord

42
Q

Which nerves cause referred pain in the loin from the kidneys

A

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves

43
Q

Which nerve causes referred pain from the kidneys in the groin

A

Genitofemoral nerve

44
Q

How does pain location change as a kidney stone moves down the ureters

A

Loin to groin

45
Q

Why does pain from a stone in the ureter come open waves

A

Peristalsis

46
Q

Where is the bladder located in children

47
Q

Is the bladder intra or Retroperitoneal

48
Q

What part of the bladder does the urethra begin at

A

Base of bladder

49
Q

3 layers of the bladder wall

A

Transitional epithelial mucosa
Thick muscular layer
Fibrous adventitia

50
Q

What is the only fixed part of the bladder

51
Q

What structures are at the corners of the trigone

A

Urethra opening
Ureter openings

52
Q

What controls flow of urine into the urethra

A

Sphincters

53
Q

Which urethral sphincter is present in males and females

A

External urethral sphincter

54
Q

Which urethral sphincter is only present in males

A

Internal urethral sphincter

55
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter

A

Surrounds urethra as it passes through urogenital diapragm

56
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter

A

Bladder urethra junction in males

57
Q

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary

A

Internal urethral sphincter

58
Q

What does the internal urethral sphincter prevent

A

Retrograde ejaculation

59
Q

3 parts of the male urethra

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

60
Q

Micturition

61
Q

What triggers urination

A

Distension of bladder walls

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter

A

Pudendal nerve

63
Q

Is urination caused by sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation

A

Parasympathetic

64
Q

What 3 muscles are involved in urination

A

Detrusor muscle
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

65
Q

How does parasympathetic innervation cause urination

A

Stimulates detrusor muscle to contract
Inhibits internal urethral sphincter

66
Q

What type of innervation supplies the external urethral sphincter

MET2 (25 decks)

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