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MET2 > Diet And Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Diet And Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Focal chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium arteries induced by lipid products and characterised by intima thickening and lipid deposition

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2
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of a solid mass from the constituents of the blood within the circulation which can impede blood flow

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3
Q

Which type of cholesterol is ‘good’ and which is ‘bad’

A

HDL good
LDL bad

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4
Q

How does obesity affect hypertension risk

A

Increase

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5
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance/T2 diabetes + abdominal obesity + hypertension

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6
Q

Which ethnicity has increased effects from obesity and increased T2 diabetes risk

A

South asian

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7
Q

What does fatty acid transporter CD36 do

A

Transports excess fatty acids from blood lipids into cells causing accumulation and insulin receptor signalling blockage and metabolism to toxic products

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8
Q

How does hypertriglyceridaemia cause T2 diabetes

A

Fatty acids accumulate in cells and are metabolised to toxic products which block the insulin receptor signalling activating GLUT4

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9
Q

What is the most important dietary factor on CV disease

A

Total calorie intake, followed by sat fat

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10
Q

Which types of sugar are beneficial and harmful for CVD

A

Starch as whole grains - beneficial
Refined sugar - harmful

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11
Q

Which acid is incorporated into membrane phospholipids

A

Arachidonic acid

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12
Q

Does dietary cholesterol have a significant impact on serum cholesterol or CVD risk

A

No

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13
Q

Which diet is beneficial for CVD risk

A

Mediterranean diet

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14
Q

Are flavonoids beneficial or harmful in MI and stroke risk

A

Beneficial

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15
Q

Soucres of flavonoids

A

Fruit
Veg
Tea
Cocoa/chocolate
Wine
Olive oil

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16
Q

How can alcohol protect against CVD

A

Improving insulin sensitivity
Increases HDL

17
Q

How does folate or vit B12 deficiency increase CVD risk

A

Increases blood homocysteine level which can be converted to thiolactone which damages endothelium

18
Q

How does exercise decrease CVD and atherosclerosis risk

A

Stimulates blood flow increasing NO production

19
Q

How does exercise decrease hypertension

A

Increased NO causes vessel dilation and reduces peripheral resistance

20
Q

What are characteristics of a stable atherosclerotic plaque

A

Much fibrous plaque
Little lipid

21
Q

What are characteristics of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque

A

Much lipid
Small fibrous cap
Inflammation

22
Q

What molecule drives leukocyte migration into the artery wall in atherosclerosis

A

Oxidised LDL

23
Q

Why does inflamed endothelium increase atherosclerosis and thrombosis

A

Endothelium marked adhesion molecules and chemoattractants

24
Q

Pro inflammatory risk factors for endothelium

A

Hyperlipidaemia
LDL
Smoking
Hyperglycaemia
Diabetes
Hypertension
Angiotensin II

25
Q

Anti inflammatory factors on endothelium

A

HDL
Increased blood flow
Exercise
Nitrites
NO
flavonoids
Anti inflammatory mediators
Statins

26
Q

How do nitrites reduce CVD risk

A

Used in NO production

27
Q

Is low or high birthweight associated with CVD and diabetes in later life

A

Low

28
Q

Why does low birthweight increase CVD and diabetes risk in later life

A

Foetal programming due to restricted foetal growth from inadequate nutrition

29
Q

Foetal programming

A

Reprogramming of neurohormonal regulation probably by epigenetic mechanisms

30
Q

What does increased refined carbohydrates in diet lead to

A

Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
T2 diabetes
Hypertriglyceridaemia
Incr VLDL

31
Q

What does increased salt intake lead to

A

Hypertension

32
Q

How does smoking increase CVD and atherosclerosis risk

A

Tobacco smoke contains substances toxic to endothelial cells

33
Q

NHS recommendations for reducing CVD risk

A

Balanced diet
Controlled calories
Low fat
High fibre
Low sat fat
Starchy foods
5 fruit and veg
Salt <6g/day
Avoid excess sugar

34
Q

How much salt should be eaten to decrease CVD risk

A

Less than 6g/day

MET2 (25 decks)

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