Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MET2 > Main Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose Levels > Flashcards

Main Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose Levels Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ is most dependent on extracellular glucose concentration

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cells are most damaged by hyperglycaemia

A

Endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal blood sugar level

A

4-5.4 mmol/L before eating
Less than 8 mmol/L 2 hrs after eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What molecules is glucose converted to for storage

A

Glycogen
Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the process of insulin secretion

A

Glucose enters beta cells -> glucokinase senses glucose -> ATP/ADP ratio incr -> ATP sensitive K channels close -> membrane depolarisation -> voltage gated Ca channels open -> inctracellular Ca incr -> insulin containing granules secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Increase in what intracellular concentration triggers insulin secretion in beta cells

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of glucokinase in insulin secretion

A

Glucose sensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which amino acids can stimulate insulin release

A

Leucine
Arginine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do amino acids increase intracellular ATP/ADP ratio

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What molecules can cause insulin release other than glucose

A

Leucine
Arginine
Glucagon like peptide 1 GLP1
Glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide GIP
Fatty acids
ACh
Cholecystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do muscles and adipocytes take up glucose in response to insulin

A

GLUT4 translocates to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What enzyme is activated in muscles in response to insulin

A

Glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does glycogen synthase kinase do

A

Inhibits glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does insulin stimulate in muscles

A

Glucose uptake
Glycogen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does processes does insulin stimulate and inhibit in adipocytes

A

Stim Lipogensis
Inhibit lipolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does insulin stimulate lipogenesis

A

Incr glucose uptake
AcetylCoA carboxylase activation
Incr lipogenic gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does insulin inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes

A

Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase preventing hydrolysis of triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What molecule inhibits beta oxidation of FFAs in adipocytes

A

Malonyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What processes does insulin effect in the liver

A

Incr glucose uptake
Incr glycogenesis
Incr lipogenesis
Inhibits Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which processes are activated in the post absorptive state

A

Processes releasing glucose and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which hormones are active in the post absorptive state

A

Glucagon
Insulin counter regulatory hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which cells secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells of islets of langerhans

24
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion

A

Low blood glucose concentration
Increased blood amino acids
Exercise

25
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion

A

Hyperglycaemia
GLP-1
Somatostatin
Insulin
Zinc

26
Q

What type of receptor is the glucagon receptor

A

G protein coupled receptor

27
Q

What is the key signalling cascade activated by glucagon

A

Adenylyl cyclase pathway

28
Q

How can insulin effect glucagon dependent signalling

A

Switch off signalling

29
Q

Which organ does glucagon mainly act on

A

Liver

30
Q

Which processes does glucagon stimulate and inhibit

A

Stim glycogenolysis
Inhibit glycogensis

31
Q

How does glucagon affect amino acid uptake in liver cells

A

Increase

32
Q

How does glucagon affect FA beta oxidation

A

Increase

33
Q

How does glucagon affect de novo lipogenesis

A

Inhibits

34
Q

What happens to excess acetyl CoA

A

Converted to ketone bodies

35
Q

What processes does glucagon increase in the liver

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis

36
Q

What processes does glucagon inhibit in the liver

A

Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis

37
Q

What hormones affect blood glucose concentration other than glucagon and insulin

A

Catecholamines
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
GLP-1

38
Q

Which cells synthesise catecholamines

A

Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

39
Q

What molecules are catecholamines synthesised from

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine

40
Q

Does adrenaline respond to hyper or hypoglycaemia

A

Hypo

41
Q

What molecules are corticosteroids formed from

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

What regulates glucocorticoid secretion

A

Hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis

43
Q

Which hormone is important in resisting stress and inflammation

A

Glucocorticoids

44
Q

How does cortisol resist stress and inflammation

A

Maintains BP
Suppresses inflammation

45
Q

Does cortisol increase or decrease blood sugar concentration

A

Increase

46
Q

What cells secret growth hormone

A

Somatotroph cells in anterior pituitary

47
Q

What hormones stimulate and inhibit growth hormone release

A

Stim by growth hormone releasing hormone
Inhibited by somatostatin

48
Q

What receptors does growth hormone act on

A

GH receptor
Prolactin receptor

49
Q

Which tissues have prolactin receptors

A

Liver
Muscle
Bone
Adipose

50
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone in the liver

A

Incr production and uptake of IDL LDL HDL

51
Q

What is the overall effect of thyroid hormones

A

Increase basal metabolic rate

52
Q

How do thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate

A

Incr HbF and activity of mitochondria
Stim carbohydrate metabolism
Stim fat metabolism

53
Q

What are Incretins

A

Group of GI hormones secreted immediately after eating to regulate insulin secretion and decrease blood glucose

54
Q

What type of hormone is glucagon like peptide 1

A

Incretin

55
Q

What tissues does GLP-1 affect

A

Pancreas
Skeletal muscles
Liver
Adipose
Stomach

MET2 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions