Endocrine Anatony Flashcards
What structures makes up the endocrine system
Glands
Infundibulum
Connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus
What structure does the pituitary gland sit in
Sella turcica in sphenoid bone
Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the adenohypophysis
Anterior
Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the neurohypophysis
Posterior lobe
What is the main type of tissue in the adenohypophysis
Glandular tissue
What is the main type of tissue in the neurohypopysis
Nervous tissue
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Luteinising hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Prolactin PRL
Growth hormone GH
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary
Anti diuretic hormone ADH
Oxytocin
Posterior pit neural connection
Cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei produce ADH and paraventricular nuclei produce oxytocin -> hormones transported down axons to post pit -> hormones secreted into capillary beds
Where are hormones secreted by the pituitary produced
Nuclei in hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary vascular connection
ICA -> superior hypophyses art -> primary plexus -> hypophyseal portal vein -> secondary plexus -> efferent hypophyseal veins -> cavernous sinus
Why does pituitary enlargement cause vision defects
Enlarged pituitary presses on optic chiasm
What type of visual defect opts caused by pituitary enlargement
Bitemporal hemianopia
Which venous structure lies on either side of the sella turcica
Cavernous sinus
What structures are compressed by pituitary enlargement
Optic chiasm
Dural venous sinus - CNIII CNIV CV1+2 CNVI ICA
Effects of incr LH or FSH
Rare irregular periods
Decreased interest in sex
Effects of incr prolactin
Irregular periods
Abnormal milk production
Effects of increased GH
Gigantism in children
Acromegaly in adults
Effects of increased TSH
Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Tremors
Effect of increased ACTH
Excessive cortisol
Cushings
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens
Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline produced
Adrenal medulla
Why is there no postsynaptic motor fibre between the spinal cord and adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla is effectively a specialised sympathetic ganglion
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Zona glomerulosa
What does the zona reticularis produce
Androgens
What part of he adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata
What part of the spadrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids
Zona glomerulosa
What shape is the right adrenal gland
Pyramid
What shape is the left adrenal gland
Crescent
Blood supply to the adrenal glands
Superior suprarenal arteries
Middle suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery
How many suprarenal arteries are there
6-8
What vein drains the adrenal glands
suprarenal vein
Infrahyoid muscles
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
What vertebral levels Is the thyroid gland
C5-T1
3 sections of the thyroid
Left lobe
Right lobe
Isthmus
(+possible pyramidal lobe)
Blood supply to thyroid
Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyroid IMA artery
Venous drainage of the thyroid
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein
What does parathyroid hormone do
Incr blood calcium
Where are the parathyroid glands
Back of thyroid
How many parathyroid glands are there
4
Is pancreatic insulin and glucagon release endocrine or exocrine
Endocrine
Is pancreatic digestive enxpzyme released exocrine or endocrine
Exocrine
What structures does the pretracheal fascia enclose
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thyroid gland
Infrahyoid muscles
What are the 2 parts of the pretracheal fascia
Muscular part
Visceral part
What encloses the infrahyoid muscles
Muscular pretracheal fascia
What encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and oesophagus
Visceral pretracheal fascia
Blood supply to pancreas
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Splenic artery
Great pancreatic artery
Inferior pancreatic artery
the great pancreatic artery is formed from connected branches of which artery
Splenic artery
Is the pancreas supplied by the coeliac, sup mesenteric, or inf mesenteric artery
Coeliac and sup mesenteric
What are the ducts pancreatic enzymes drain into the duodenum through
Main pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
Symptoms of gall stones in gall bladder
Usually asymptomatic
Where do gall stones cause biliary colic only
Cystic duct
Where do gall stones cause jaundice and biliary colic
Common bile duct
How can gall stones cause jaundice
Stone blocks bile leaving gall bladder and liver so bilirubin not broken down
Where do gall stones cause biliary colic, jaundice, and pancreatitis
Major duodenal papilla
