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MET2 > Endocrine Anatony > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatony Flashcards

1
Q

What structures makes up the endocrine system

A

Glands

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2
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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3
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland sit in

A

Sella turcica in sphenoid bone

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4
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the adenohypophysis

A

Anterior

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5
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe

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6
Q

What is the main type of tissue in the adenohypophysis

A

Glandular tissue

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7
Q

What is the main type of tissue in the neurohypopysis

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Luteinising hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Prolactin PRL
Growth hormone GH

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9
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

A

Anti diuretic hormone ADH
Oxytocin

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10
Q

Posterior pit neural connection

A

Cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei produce ADH and paraventricular nuclei produce oxytocin -> hormones transported down axons to post pit -> hormones secreted into capillary beds

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11
Q

Where are hormones secreted by the pituitary produced

A

Nuclei in hypothalamus

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary vascular connection

A

ICA -> superior hypophyses art -> primary plexus -> hypophyseal portal vein -> secondary plexus -> efferent hypophyseal veins -> cavernous sinus

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13
Q

Why does pituitary enlargement cause vision defects

A

Enlarged pituitary presses on optic chiasm

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14
Q

What type of visual defect opts caused by pituitary enlargement

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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15
Q

Which venous structure lies on either side of the sella turcica

A

Cavernous sinus

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16
Q

What structures are compressed by pituitary enlargement

A

Optic chiasm
Dural venous sinus - CNIII CNIV CV1+2 CNVI ICA

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17
Q

Effects of incr LH or FSH

A

Rare irregular periods
Decreased interest in sex

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18
Q

Effects of incr prolactin

A

Irregular periods
Abnormal milk production

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19
Q

Effects of increased GH

A

Gigantism in children
Acromegaly in adults

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20
Q

Effects of increased TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Tremors

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21
Q

Effect of increased ACTH

A

Excessive cortisol
Cushings

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22
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

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23
Q

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline produced

A

Adrenal medulla

24
Q

Why is there no postsynaptic motor fibre between the spinal cord and adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla is effectively a specialised sympathetic ganglion

25
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Zona glomerulosa

26
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce

A

Androgens

27
Q

What part of he adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids

A

Zona fasciculata

28
Q

What part of the spadrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids

A

Zona glomerulosa

29
Q

What shape is the right adrenal gland

A

Pyramid

30
Q

What shape is the left adrenal gland

A

Crescent

31
Q

Blood supply to the adrenal glands

A

Superior suprarenal arteries
Middle suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery

32
Q

How many suprarenal arteries are there

A

6-8

33
Q

What vein drains the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal vein

34
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid

35
Q

What vertebral levels Is the thyroid gland

A

C5-T1

36
Q

3 sections of the thyroid

A

Left lobe
Right lobe
Isthmus
(+possible pyramidal lobe)

37
Q

Blood supply to thyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyroid IMA artery

38
Q

Venous drainage of the thyroid

A

Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein

39
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do

A

Incr blood calcium

40
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands

A

Back of thyroid

41
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there

A

4

42
Q

Is pancreatic insulin and glucagon release endocrine or exocrine

A

Endocrine

43
Q

Is pancreatic digestive enxpzyme released exocrine or endocrine

A

Exocrine

44
Q

What structures does the pretracheal fascia enclose

A

Trachea
Oesophagus
Thyroid gland
Infrahyoid muscles

45
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pretracheal fascia

A

Muscular part
Visceral part

46
Q

What encloses the infrahyoid muscles

A

Muscular pretracheal fascia

47
Q

What encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and oesophagus

A

Visceral pretracheal fascia

48
Q

Blood supply to pancreas

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Splenic artery
Great pancreatic artery
Inferior pancreatic artery

49
Q

the great pancreatic artery is formed from connected branches of which artery

A

Splenic artery

50
Q

Is the pancreas supplied by the coeliac, sup mesenteric, or inf mesenteric artery

A

Coeliac and sup mesenteric

51
Q

What are the ducts pancreatic enzymes drain into the duodenum through

A

Main pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct

52
Q

Symptoms of gall stones in gall bladder

A

Usually asymptomatic

53
Q

Where do gall stones cause biliary colic only

A

Cystic duct

54
Q

Where do gall stones cause jaundice and biliary colic

A

Common bile duct

55
Q

How can gall stones cause jaundice

A

Stone blocks bile leaving gall bladder and liver so bilirubin not broken down

56
Q

Where do gall stones cause biliary colic, jaundice, and pancreatitis

A

Major duodenal papilla

MET2 (25 decks)

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