Endocrine Anatony

Question 1

What structures makes up the endocrine system

Answer 1

Glands

Question 2

Infundibulum

Answer 2

Connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Question 3

What structure does the pituitary gland sit in

Answer 3

Sella turcica in sphenoid bone

Question 4

Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the adenohypophysis

Answer 4

Anterior

Question 5

Which lobe of the pituitary lobe in known as the neurohypophysis

Answer 5

Posterior lobe

Question 6

What is the main type of tissue in the adenohypophysis

Answer 6

Glandular tissue

Question 7

What is the main type of tissue in the neurohypopysis

Answer 7

Nervous tissue

Question 8

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary

Answer 8

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Luteinising hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Prolactin PRL
Growth hormone GH

Question 9

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

Answer 9

Anti diuretic hormone ADH
Oxytocin

Question 10

Posterior pit neural connection

Answer 10

Cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei produce ADH and paraventricular nuclei produce oxytocin -> hormones transported down axons to post pit -> hormones secreted into capillary beds

Question 11

Where are hormones secreted by the pituitary produced

Answer 11

Nuclei in hypothalamus

Question 12

Anterior pituitary vascular connection

Answer 12

ICA -> superior hypophyses art -> primary plexus -> hypophyseal portal vein -> secondary plexus -> efferent hypophyseal veins -> cavernous sinus

Question 13

Why does pituitary enlargement cause vision defects

Answer 13

Enlarged pituitary presses on optic chiasm

Question 14

What type of visual defect opts caused by pituitary enlargement

Answer 14

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 15

Which venous structure lies on either side of the sella turcica

Answer 15

Cavernous sinus

Question 16

What structures are compressed by pituitary enlargement

Answer 16

Optic chiasm
Dural venous sinus - CNIII CNIV CV1+2 CNVI ICA

Question 17

Effects of incr LH or FSH

Answer 17

Rare irregular periods
Decreased interest in sex

Question 18

Effects of incr prolactin

Answer 18

Irregular periods
Abnormal milk production

Question 19

Effects of increased GH

Answer 19

Gigantism in children
Acromegaly in adults

Question 20

Effects of increased TSH

Answer 20

Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Tremors

Question 21

Effect of increased ACTH

Answer 21

Excessive cortisol
Cushings

Question 22

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex

Answer 22

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

Question 23

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline produced

Answer 23

Adrenal medulla

Question 24

Why is there no postsynaptic motor fibre between the spinal cord and adrenal gland

Answer 24

Adrenal medulla is effectively a specialised sympathetic ganglion

Question 25

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 25

Zona reticularis Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa

Question 26

What does the zona reticularis produce

Answer 26

Androgens

Question 27

What part of he adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids

Answer 27

Zona fasciculata

Question 28

What part of the spadrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids

Answer 28

Zona glomerulosa

Question 29

What shape is the right adrenal gland

Answer 29

Pyramid

Question 30

What shape is the left adrenal gland

Answer 30

Crescent

Question 31

Blood supply to the adrenal glands

Answer 31

Superior suprarenal arteries Middle suprarenal artery Inferior suprarenal artery

Question 32

How many suprarenal arteries are there

Answer 32

6-8

Question 33

What vein drains the adrenal glands

Answer 33

suprarenal vein

Question 34

Infrahyoid muscles

Answer 34

Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Omohyoid Sternothyroid

Question 35

What vertebral levels Is the thyroid gland

Answer 35

C5-T1

Question 36

3 sections of the thyroid

Answer 36

Left lobe Right lobe Isthmus (+possible pyramidal lobe)

Question 37

Blood supply to thyroid

Answer 37

Superior thyroid artery Inferior thyroid artery Thyroid IMA artery

Question 38

Venous drainage of the thyroid

Answer 38

Superior thyroid vein Middle thyroid vein Inferior thyroid vein

Question 39

What does parathyroid hormone do

Answer 39

Incr blood calcium

Question 40

Where are the parathyroid glands

Answer 40

Back of thyroid

Question 41

How many parathyroid glands are there

Answer 41

4

Question 42

Is pancreatic insulin and glucagon release endocrine or exocrine

Answer 42

Endocrine

Question 43

Is pancreatic digestive enxpzyme released exocrine or endocrine

Answer 43

Exocrine

Question 44

What structures does the pretracheal fascia enclose

Answer 44

Trachea Oesophagus Thyroid gland Infrahyoid muscles

Question 45

What are the 2 parts of the pretracheal fascia

Answer 45

Muscular part Visceral part

Question 46

What encloses the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 46

Muscular pretracheal fascia

Question 47

What encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and oesophagus

Answer 47

Visceral pretracheal fascia

Question 48

Blood supply to pancreas

Answer 48

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Splenic artery Great pancreatic artery Inferior pancreatic artery

Question 49

the great pancreatic artery is formed from connected branches of which artery

Answer 49

Splenic artery

Question 50

Is the pancreas supplied by the coeliac, sup mesenteric, or inf mesenteric artery

Answer 50

Coeliac and sup mesenteric

Question 51

What are the ducts pancreatic enzymes drain into the duodenum through

Answer 51

Main pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct

Question 52

Symptoms of gall stones in gall bladder

Answer 52

Usually asymptomatic

Question 53

Where do gall stones cause biliary colic only

Answer 53

Cystic duct

Question 54

Where do gall stones cause jaundice and biliary colic

Answer 54

Common bile duct

Question 55

How can gall stones cause jaundice

Answer 55

Stone blocks bile leaving gall bladder and liver so bilirubin not broken down

Question 56

Where do gall stones cause biliary colic, jaundice, and pancreatitis

Answer 56

Major duodenal papilla