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MET2 > Appetite Regulation > Flashcards

Appetite Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Orexigen

A

Substance that increases food intake

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2
Q

Anorexigen

A

Substance that inhibits food intake

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3
Q

What cell types sense nutrients in the gut lumen

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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4
Q

What structures do Enteroendocrine cells use to sense nutrients in the gut lumen

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

What feature of Enteroendocrine cells allows them to communicate with neurones and blood vessels

A

Contain vesicles for hormone release

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6
Q

What causes receptor activation on Enteroendocrine cells

A

Nutrients

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7
Q

What do mediators released by enteroendocrine cells activate

A

Chemoreceptors on vagal afferents

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8
Q

What type of receptors detect gastric distension

A

Stretch stimulated Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

Is response to stomach distension a long or short term form of appetite control

A

Short

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10
Q

Which nucleus is involved in appetite regulation

A

Arcuate nucleus

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11
Q

What tissue produces adipokines inc leptin

A

Adipose

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12
Q

What is the pattern of leptin secretion

A

Diurnal

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13
Q

Does leptin have long or short term effects on appetite

A

Long term

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14
Q

What does leptin signal

A

Satiety

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15
Q

Actions of leptin

A

Inhibits NPY/AgRP Neurones
Activates POMC/CART neurones

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16
Q

Is leptin orexigenic or anorexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

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17
Q

Why can leptin not be targeted for obesity treatment

A

Leptin usually already high in obese individuals

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18
Q

When is cholecystokinin released

A

In response to fat and protein

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19
Q

Where is cholecystokinin synthesised

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

Is cholecystokinin orexogenic or anorexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

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21
Q

Effects of cholecystokinin

A

Slows gastric emptying
Released bile
Releases pancreatic enzymes
Activate vagus nerve to cause satiety

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22
Q

What is caused by too much cholecystokinin release

A

Nausea
Taste aversion

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23
Q

Is PYY 3-36 anorexigenic or orexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

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24
Q

When is PYY 3-36 released

A

In response to high fat or protein

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25
Q

What cells release PYY 3-36

A

L cells in GI

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26
Q

How does PYY 3-36 cause satiety

A

Inhibits NPY neurones
Activates POMC neurones

27
Q

What is the action of PYY 3-36

A

Increases satiety
Long term negative regulator of body weight

28
Q

What groups have low PYY 3-36

A

Overweight
Overweight in past

29
Q

How does insulin cause satiety

A

Inhibits NPY/AgRP neurones
Activates alpha MSH/CART

30
Q

What is the most powerful Incretin

A

Glucagon like peptide

31
Q

Incretin

A

Gut hormones that stimulates insulin release after eating

32
Q

What causes GLP 1 release

A

Food intake

33
Q

What group has decreased GLP 1 level

A

Obese

34
Q

What causes release of pancreatic polypeptide

A

Food intake proportional to calories

35
Q

Is pancreatic polypeptide orexigenic or anorexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

36
Q

Is oxontymodulin anorexigenic or orexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

37
Q

Actions of oxontymodulin

A

Decrease plasma Ghrelin level
Increase energy expenditure

38
Q

What is the major peripheral orexigenic hormone

A

Ghrelin

39
Q

Where is Ghrelin synthesised

A

Stomach

40
Q

What inhibits Ghrelin

A

Food intake - proportional to calories

41
Q

Does Ghrelin have short or long term effects

A

Both

42
Q

Where is Ghrelin found

A

Circulation in plasma

43
Q

Where can Ghrelin act

A

Receptors in brainstem
Receptors in Mesolithic dopaminergic system
Vagus
Directly on hypothalamus

44
Q

How are Ghrelin levels altered in obesity

A

Decreased

45
Q

Why can Ghrelin not be targeted in obesity treatment

A

Already low in obesity
May affect growth regulation
Prevent beneficial effects of Ghrelin on CV system and inflammation

46
Q

Orexigenic hormones

A

Ghrelin
Neuro peptide Y
Agouti related peptide
Orexins
Melanin concentrating hormones
Galanin

47
Q

Anorexigenic hormones

A

Leptin
Cholecystokinin
Insulin
Glucagon like peptide
Peptide YY
Oxyntomodulin
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript peptides
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone

48
Q

What does the hypothalamus influence to regulate metabolic rate

A

Pituitary function
Feeding
Stress response
Water balance
Sleep wake cycle
Thermoregulation

49
Q

What are the neural pathways that control food intake

A

Central orexigenic pathway
Central anorexigenic pathway

50
Q

Which neurones are involved in the central orexigenic pathway

A

AGRP/NPY neurones in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

51
Q

Which appetite regulating neural pathway are POMC/CART neurones involved in

A

Central anorexigenic pathway

52
Q

What hormone activates the central orexigenic pathway

A

Ghrelin

53
Q

How do insulin and leptin effect the central anorexigenic and orexigenic pathways

A

Inhibits central orexigenic pathway
Activate central anorexigenic pathway

54
Q

How does malonyl CoA affect food intake

A

Incr malonyl CoA -> suppress food intake
Decr malonyl CoA -> increase food intake

55
Q

What process is malonyl CoA the first step in

A

De novo fatty acid synthesis

56
Q

What determines malonyl CoA

A

AMP/ATP ratio

57
Q

Is serotonin anorexigenic or orexigenic

A

Anorexigenic

58
Q

How does serotonin cause effects on appetite

A

Stimulate POMC neurone activity
Inhibit AgRP neurone activity

59
Q

How do antidepressants affect weight

A

Can cause loss or gain

60
Q

How do cannabinoids effect food intake

A

Increase

61
Q

2 Endogenous cannabinoids

A

Anandamide
2 arachadonylglycerol

62
Q

What appetite control based drugs are recommended by NICE for obesity treatment

A

None

63
Q

Current obesity treatments

A

Lifestyle/behaviour changes
Fat absorption inhibition - orlistat
Bariatric surgery

MET2 (25 decks)

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