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Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the nephron concentrates urine?

A

Medulla

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2
Q

What is the course of the ureter?

A

The ureter passes under the uterine artery and under the deferens

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3
Q

What is the 60/40/20 rule?

A

60% total body water
40% ICF
20% ECF

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4
Q

What is Goldblatt’s kidney?

A

File-bitten kidney (blown capillaries)

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5
Q

What is uremia?

A

Azotemia + symptoms

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6
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Elevated BUN/Cr ratio

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7
Q

What is Nephritic kidney disease?

A

Increased size of fenestrations
=> vasculitis

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8
Q

What is Nephrotic kidney disease?

A

Lost basement membrane charge d/t deposition on heparin sulfate
=> massive proteinuria and lipiduria

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9
Q

What is seen in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?

A

Crescents

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10
Q

What is post-strep GN?

A

Subepithelial, IgG/C3/C4 deposition
ASO Ab

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11
Q

What is interstitial nephritis?

A

Urine eosinophils or eosinophilic casts

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12
Q

What is Lupus nephritis?

A

Subepithelial
“Wire loops”

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13
Q

What is membranoglomerulonephritis (MGN)?

A

Deposition of “something”

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14
Q

What is Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?

A

Tram-tracks
(Type II has low C3)

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15
Q

What is minimal change disease (MCD)?

A

Kids
Fused foot processes
No renal failure
Loss of charge barrier

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16
Q

What is Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?

A

AA - amyloid
HIV patients

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17
Q

What are the vasculitides with low C3?

A

PMS in Salt Lake City
- Post-strep GN
- MPGN type II
- SBE
- serum sickness
- lupus
- cryoglobulinemia

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

What are the most common type of kidney stones?

A

Calcium phosphate

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20
Q

What type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals?

A

Triple phosphate

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21
Q

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

A

Uric acid

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22
Q

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

A

Cystine

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23
Q

What type of kidney stones have envelopes or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

A

Oxalate

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24
Q

What disease has aniridia?

A

Wilm’s tumor

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25
What disease has iridocyclitis?
Juvenile RA
26
What is phimosis?
Foreskin scarred at penis head (= foreskin stuck smooshed up)
27
What is paraphimosis?
Foreskin scarred at penis base (= retraction of foreskin => strangulates penis)
28
What is urge incontinence?
Urgency leads to complete voiding (Detrusor spasticity -> small bladder volume)
29
What is stress incontinence?
Weak pelvic floor muscles (Estrogen effect)
30
What is overflow incontinence?
Runs down leg but cannot complete emptying of bladder
31
What structures have one-way valves?
Urethra Ejaculatory duct
32
What structures have fake sphincters?
Ureters LES Ileocecal valve
33
What has WBC casts?
Nephritis
34
What has WBC casts only?
Pyelonephritis (sepsis)
35
What has WBC casts + eosinophils?
Interstitial nephritis (allergies)
36
What has WBC casts + RBC casts?
Glomerulonephritis
37
What has fat casts?
Nephrotic syndrome
38
What has waxy casts?
Chronic renal failure
39
What has tubular casts?
ATN
40
What has muddy brown casts?
ATN
41
What has hyaline casts?
Normal sloughing
42
What has epithelial casts?
Normal sloughing
43
How do you measure afferent renal function?
Creatinine (Or inulin)
44
How do you measure efferent renal function?
BUN (Or PAH)
45
What is the afferent arteriole’s job?
Filter
46
What happens if you constrict the afferent arteriole?
RPF - goes down GFR - goes down FF (GFR/RPF) stays unchanged
47
What is the efferent arteriole’s job?
Secrete
48
What happens if you constrict the efferent arteriole?
RPF - goes down GFR - goes up FF (GFR/RPF) goes up
49
How do you test afferent arteriole function?
GFR
50
What is normal GFR?
100 mL/min
51
How do you test efferent arteriole function?
RPF
52
What happens if you increase plasma protein concentration?
RPF - stays unchanged GFR - goes down FF (GFR/RPF) - goes down
53
What happens if you decrease plasma protein concentration?
RPF - stays unchanged GFR - goes up FF (GFR/RPF) - goes up
54
What is pre-renal failure?
Low flow to kidney (BUN/Cr >20)
55
What is renal failure?
Damaged glomerulus (BUN/Cr ratio <20)
56
What is post-renal failure?
Obstruction (have not peed in last 4 days)
57
What is the job of the proximal tubule?
Reabsorb glucose, amino acids, salt, and bicarbonate
58
What is the job of the thin ascending limb?
Reabsorbs water
59
What is the job of the thick ascending limb?
Make the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca without water
60
What is the job of the early distal tubule?
Concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl (hypotonic)
61
What is the job of the lat distal tubule and collecting duct?
Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water and excreting acid
62
What does the macula densa do?
Measures osmolarity
63
What does the J-G apparatus do?
Measures volume
64
What is Fanconi’s syndrome?
Old tetracycline use => urine phosphates, glucose, amino acids
65
What is Bartter’s syndrome?
Baby w/ defective triple transporter (Low Na, Cl, K w/ normal BP)
66
What is psychogenic polydipsia?
No concentrating ability -> cerebral edema
67
What is hepatorenal syndrome?
High urea from the liver -> increase activity of glutaminase -> incr NH4 -> incr GABA -> kidney stops working
68
What is type 1 RTA?
Distal renal tubular acidosis - H/K exchange in collecting duct is broken -> high urine pH d/t UTI, stones, Lithium
69
What is type 2 RTA?
Proximal RTA - bad carbonic anhydrase -> lose all bicarb -> low urine pH Associated w/ multiple myeloma
70
What is type 3 RTA?
RTA I + II W/ normal urine pH (pH = 5-6)
71
What is type 4 RTA?
Infarct J-G -> no renin -> no aldosterone -> high K d/t DM, NSAIDs, ACEi, heparin
72
What is central pontine myelinolysis?
Due to correcting Na faster than 0.5 mEq/hr

PP Clues (31 decks)

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