Clues From Heather Flashcards

1
Q

Corticosteroid (= prednisone) therapy can increase which type of WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

Steps for Granuloma formation

A

Pathogen (= TB) triggers CD4+ T cells to release IFN gamma

IFN gamma activates macrophages

Macrophages differentiate into epithelioid histiocytes

Epithelioid histiocytes join with horseshoe-shaped, multinucleated Langhans giant cells to form granuloma

(Langhans giant cells = fused, activated macrophages)

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3
Q

What interleukin is produced by CD4, CD8, and NK cells?

A

IL-2

Strong pro-inflammatory & some anti-inflammatory
High-dose IL-2 used in treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma & metastatic melanoma.
-> can lead to long-lasting remission d/t increased cytotoxic activity of NK cells against the tumor

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4
Q

PTH function in bones

A

Indirect activation of osteoclasts
-> increase bone resorption

Releases Ca and phosphorus

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5
Q

PTH function in kidneys

A

Decr reabsorption of phosphate in PCT
Incr reabsorption of calcium in DCT and CD

Upregulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase => more active vit D (1,25-hydroxyvitamin D)

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6
Q

Causes of Relative erythrocytosis
(Normal RBC mass)

A

Dehydration
Excessive diuresis

(Incr total RBC mass indicates absolute erythrocytosis)

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7
Q

Causes of Absolute erythrocytosis
(True increase in RBC mass)

A

Polycythemia Vera
- all 3 cell lines increase

Secondary erythrocytosis
- only RBC increases, but platelets and WBCs are normal
- d/t hypoxia or EPO-producing tumors

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8
Q

Kinesin
- what is it?
- function?
- example?

A

Microtubule-associated ATP-powered motor protein

Facilitates anterograde transport towards “plus” end of microtubules

EX: NT-containing secretory vesicles down axons to synaptic terminals

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9
Q

Alternative Dx, presenting with:
- solitary brain lesions
- HIV/AIDS or immunocompromised
- low CD4+ count
- high viral load

A

Primary CNS lymphoma (= non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
- most common for all S&Sx listed

Others:
Bacterial abscess
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
Primary brain tumors (= glioblastoma)
Metastatic lesions

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