Cardio Flashcards
How do you calculate SV?
SV = EDV - ESV
How do you calculate CO?
CO = SV x HR
What is normal CO?
5L per minute
How much of CO goes to brain, heart, and kidney?
20% = 1 L per minute or 60 L per hour
How do you calculate CPP?
CPP = MAP - ICP
What organs have resistance in series?
Liver
Kidney
What organs have resistance in parallel?
All other organs, except for liver and kidney
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest?
Heart
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?
Muscle
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after meal?
Gut
What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference during a test?
Brain
What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?
Kidney
Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Ascending aorta
(occurs in cystic medial necrosis, syphilis)
Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Descending aorta
(occurs in trauma, atherosclerosis)
In what layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima, media, and adventitia
In what layers does a pseudo-aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima and media
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic BP - Diastolic BP
What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
Aorta
What vessels have the most smooth muscle?
Arterioles
What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?
Capillaries
What vessel has the highest compliance?
Aorta
What vessels have the highest capacitance?
Veins and venules
What are the three causes of HTN?
Volume -> SV
Rate -> HR
Resistance -> TPR
What is your max heart rate?
220 - age (in years)
What is stable angina?
Pain with exertion
(d/t atherosclerosis)
What is unstable angina?
Pain at rest
(d/t transient clots)
What is Prinzmetal’s angina?
Intermittent pain
(d/t coronary artery spasm)
What is amyloidosis?
Stains Congo red
Echo apple-green birefringence
Deposition of proteins
What is hemochromatosis?
Fe deposit in organs
- hyperpigmentation
- arthritis
- DM
What is cardiac tamponade?
Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers
Quiet precordium
No pulse or BP
Kussmaul sign
Pulsus paradoxus (decr more than 10 mmHg BP w/ inspiration)
What is a Transudate?
An effusion with mostly water
Too much water
- heart failure
- renal failure
Not enough protein
- cirrhosis (cannot make protein)
- nephrotic syndrome (pee protein out)
What is an Exudate?
An effusion with mostly protein
Too much protein
- purulent (bacteria)
- hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE)
- Fibrinous (collagen vascular dz, uremia, TB)
- granulomatous (non-bacterial)
What is Systole?
Squished heart
Decreased blood flow to coronary aa.
More extraction of oxygen
(Phase 1 Korotkoff)
What is Diastole?
Filling heart
Increased blood flow to coronary aa.
Less extraction of oxygen
(Phase 5 Korotkoff)
What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
Umbilical arteries
What is the difference between a murmur and a bruit?
Murmur occurs in the heart
Bruit occurs in blood vessels
What murmur has a Waterhammer pulse?
AR
What murmur has Pulsus tardus?
AS
What cardiomyopathy has Pulsus alternans?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse?
A fib
What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?
PVC
What heart sound radiates to the neck?
AS/AR
What heart sound radiates to the axilla?
MR/MS
What heart sound radiates to the back?
PS
What disease has a boot-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Right ventricle hypertrophy
What disease has a banana-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)
What disease has an egg-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Transposition of the great arteries
What disease has a snowman-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
What disease has a 3-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Coarctation of the aorta
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu?
AVM in lung, gut, CNS
=> sequester platelets
=> telangiectasias
What is Von Hippel-Lindau?
AVM in head, retina
=> increased risk of renal cell carcinoma
When do valves make noise?
When valves close
What valves make noise during systole?
Mitral and tricuspid
What are the most common causes of the aortic stenosis?
Aging
Dystrophic calcification
What the most common causes of aortic regurgitation?
Aging
Calcifications causing valve to sag
What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
Rheumatic fever
What are the most common causes of mitral regurgitation?
MVP
SBE (strep viridans)
Collagen diseases
What are the most common causes of tricuspid stenosis?
Rheumatic fever
Carcinoid syndrome
What is the most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation?
Acute endocarditis
(Staph aureus secondary to IV drug abuse)
What are the murmur characteristics during systole?
Holosystolic
Ejection murmur or click
What are the holosystolic murmurs?
TR
MR
VSD
What are the systolic ejection murmurs?
AS
PS
HCM
What valves make noise during diastole?
Aortic
Pulmonic
What are characteristics of the diastolic murmurs?
Blowing and Rumbling
What are the diastolic blowing murmurs?
AR
PR
What are the diastolic rumbling murmurs?
TS
MS
What are the continuous murmurs?
PDA or AVMs
What has a friction rub while breathing?
Pleuritis
What has a friction rub when holding breath?
Pericarditis
What does a mid-systolic click tell you?
Mitral valve prolapse
What does an ejection click tell you?
Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
What does an opening snap tell you?
Mitral or tricuspid stenosis
What does S2 splitting tell you?
Normal on inspiration
(b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
What does wide S2 splitting tell you?
Increased oxygen
Increased RV volume
Delayed pulmonic valve opening
What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
ASD
What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?
AS
(Or left bundle branch block)
What do you see in left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What do you see in right-sided heart failure?
Hepatomegaly
Peripheral edema
Jugular venous distention
What is cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary HTN
=> RV failure
What is Eisenmenger’s?
Pulmonary HTN
=> reverses L->R to R->L shunt
What is transposition of the great arteries?
Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral
What is Tetrology of Fallot?
Overriding aorta, aorta sits on IV septum over the VSD, pushed on PA
Pulmonary stenosis (“Tet spells”)
RV hypertrophy => boot-shaped heart
VSD (L-to-R shunt)
What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?
All pulmonary veins to RA
(Snowman mediastinum on CXR)
What is Truncus Arteriosus?
Spiral membrane does not develop
=> one A/P trunk
Contains mixed blood
What is Ebstein’s Anomaly?
Tricuspid prolapse
Increased risk with mom taking lithium
What can Lithium do to mom?
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
What is Cinchonism?
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Thrombocytopenia
