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Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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2
Q

How do you calculate CO?

A

CO = SV x HR

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3
Q

What is normal CO?

A

5L per minute

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4
Q

How much of CO goes to brain, heart, and kidney?

A

20% = 1 L per minute or 60 L per hour

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5
Q

How do you calculate CPP?

A

CPP = MAP - ICP

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6
Q

What organs have resistance in series?

A

Liver
Kidney

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7
Q

What organs have resistance in parallel?

A

All other organs, except for liver and kidney

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8
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest?

A

Heart

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9
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?

A

Muscle

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10
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after meal?

A

Gut

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11
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference during a test?

A

Brain

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12
Q

What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?

A

Kidney

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13
Q

Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Ascending aorta
(occurs in cystic medial necrosis, syphilis)

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14
Q

Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Descending aorta
(occurs in trauma, atherosclerosis)

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15
Q

In what layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur?

A

Intima, media, and adventitia

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16
Q

In what layers does a pseudo-aortic aneurysm occur?

A

Intima and media

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17
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

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18
Q

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

Aorta

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What vessels have the most smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

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21
Q

What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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22
Q

What vessel has the highest compliance?

A

Aorta

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23
Q

What vessels have the highest capacitance?

A

Veins and venules

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24
Q

What are the three causes of HTN?

A

Volume -> SV
Rate -> HR
Resistance -> TPR

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25
What is your max heart rate?
220 - age (in years)
26
What is stable angina?
Pain with exertion (d/t atherosclerosis)
27
What is unstable angina?
Pain at rest (d/t transient clots)
28
What is Prinzmetal’s angina?
Intermittent pain (d/t coronary artery spasm)
29
What is amyloidosis?
Stains Congo red Echo apple-green birefringence Deposition of proteins
30
What is hemochromatosis?
Fe deposit in organs - hyperpigmentation - arthritis - DM
31
What is cardiac tamponade?
Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers Quiet precordium No pulse or BP Kussmaul sign Pulsus paradoxus (decr more than 10 mmHg BP w/ inspiration)
32
What is a Transudate?
An effusion with mostly water Too much water - heart failure - renal failure Not enough protein - cirrhosis (cannot make protein) - nephrotic syndrome (pee protein out)
33
What is an Exudate?
An effusion with mostly protein Too much protein - purulent (bacteria) - hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE) - Fibrinous (collagen vascular dz, uremia, TB) - granulomatous (non-bacterial)
34
What is Systole?
Squished heart Decreased blood flow to coronary aa. More extraction of oxygen (Phase 1 Korotkoff)
35
What is Diastole?
Filling heart Increased blood flow to coronary aa. Less extraction of oxygen (Phase 5 Korotkoff)
36
What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries Umbilical arteries
37
What is the difference between a murmur and a bruit?
Murmur occurs in the heart Bruit occurs in blood vessels
38
What murmur has a Waterhammer pulse?
AR
39
What murmur has Pulsus tardus?
AS
40
What cardiomyopathy has Pulsus alternans?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
41
What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse?
A fib
42
What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?
PVC
43
What heart sound radiates to the neck?
AS/AR
44
What heart sound radiates to the axilla?
MR/MS
45
What heart sound radiates to the back?
PS
46
What disease has a boot-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Right ventricle hypertrophy
47
What disease has a banana-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)
48
What disease has an egg-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Transposition of the great arteries
49
What disease has a snowman-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
50
What disease has a 3-shaped mediastinum on CXR?
Coarctation of the aorta
51
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu?
AVM in lung, gut, CNS => sequester platelets => telangiectasias
52
What is Von Hippel-Lindau?
AVM in head, retina => increased risk of renal cell carcinoma
53
When do valves make noise?
When valves close
54
What valves make noise during systole?
Mitral and tricuspid
55
What are the most common causes of the aortic stenosis?
Aging Dystrophic calcification
56
What the most common causes of aortic regurgitation?
Aging Calcifications causing valve to sag
57
What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
Rheumatic fever
58
What are the most common causes of mitral regurgitation?
MVP SBE (strep viridans) Collagen diseases
59
What are the most common causes of tricuspid stenosis?
Rheumatic fever Carcinoid syndrome
60
What is the most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation?
Acute endocarditis (Staph aureus secondary to IV drug abuse)
61
What are the murmur characteristics during systole?
Holosystolic Ejection murmur or click
62
What are the holosystolic murmurs?
TR MR VSD
63
What are the systolic ejection murmurs?
AS PS HCM
64
What valves make noise during diastole?
Aortic Pulmonic
65
What are characteristics of the diastolic murmurs?
Blowing and Rumbling
66
What are the diastolic blowing murmurs?
AR PR
67
What are the diastolic rumbling murmurs?
TS MS
68
What are the continuous murmurs?
PDA or AVMs
69
What has a friction rub while breathing?
Pleuritis
70
What has a friction rub when holding breath?
Pericarditis
71
What does a mid-systolic click tell you?
Mitral valve prolapse
72
What does an ejection click tell you?
Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
73
What does an opening snap tell you?
Mitral or tricuspid stenosis
74
What does S2 splitting tell you?
Normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
75
What does wide S2 splitting tell you?
Increased oxygen Increased RV volume Delayed pulmonic valve opening
76
What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
ASD
77
What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?
AS (Or left bundle branch block)
78
What do you see in left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
79
What do you see in right-sided heart failure?
Hepatomegaly Peripheral edema Jugular venous distention
80
What is cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary HTN => RV failure
81
What is Eisenmenger’s?
Pulmonary HTN => reverses L->R to R->L shunt
82
What is transposition of the great arteries?
Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral
83
What is Tetrology of Fallot?
Overriding aorta, aorta sits on IV septum over the VSD, pushed on PA Pulmonary stenosis (“Tet spells”) RV hypertrophy => boot-shaped heart VSD (L-to-R shunt)
84
What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?
All pulmonary veins to RA (Snowman mediastinum on CXR)
85
What is Truncus Arteriosus?
Spiral membrane does not develop => one A/P trunk Contains mixed blood
86
What is Ebstein’s Anomaly?
Tricuspid prolapse Increased risk with mom taking lithium
87
What can Lithium do to mom?
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
88
What is Cinchonism?
Hearing loss Tinnitus Thrombocytopenia

PP Clues (31 decks)

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