Main Concepts Flashcards
What electrolytes does the low volume state have?
Elevated total Na+
Elevated pH (alkalotic)
Decreased serum Na+ (dilution effect)
Decreased serum Cl-
Decreased serum K+
Decreased Ca++ (bound to Albumin)
What pH does the low volume state have?
Alkalotic b/c Aldosterone dumps H+
(Not diarrhea, RTA Type II, and DKA)
What pH do vomiters have?
Form of low volume state:
Alkalotic
(Since you vomit out H+)
What pH does diarrhea have?
Exception for low volume state:
Acidotic
(b/c stool has bicarbonate from pancreas that has not had adequate time to be reabsorbed)
What is cause if pulse is >10 mmHg on standing?
Hypovolemic shock
What is cause if pulse is <5 mmHg on standing?
Autonomic dysfunction
What are symptoms of a low energy state?
(CNS)
Mental retardation
Dementia
Decreased activity
What are symptoms of a low energy state?
(CV)
Heart failure
Pericardial effusion
What are symptoms of a low energy state?
(Muscle)
Weakness
SOB
Vasodilation
Impotence
Urinary retention
Constipation
What are symptoms of a low energy state?
(Rapidly dividing cells)
Skin = dry
Cuticles = brittle nails
Hair = alopecia
Bone marrow = suppressed
Vascular endothelium = breaks down; vasculitis
Lungs = infection, SOB
Kidney = PCT (first portion affected)
GI = N/V/D
Bladder = urinary retention
Sperm = decreased
Germ cells = predisposed to cancer
Breasts = atrophic
Endometrium = amenorrhea, atrophic
What are most common signs of the low energy state?
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
What are the most common symptoms of the low energy state?
Weakness
SOB
What are the most common infections of the low energy state?
UTI
Respiratory infections
What is the most common cause of death in the low energy state?
Heart failure
Parameters of restrictive lung diseases
interstitial problem (non-bacterial)
Decreased diffusion and perfusion
Decr VC = small stiff lungs
FEV1/FVC >0.8 => trouble breathing in
ABG: decr pO2 => elev RR, decr pCO2, elev pH
CXR: reticulo-nodular pattern, ground-glass appearance
Die of cor pulmonale
Ex: NM diseases (breathing out is passive), drugs, autoimmune dz
Tx: pressure support on ventilator, incr O2, incr RR, incr inspiration time, decr tidal volume
Parameters of obstructive lung diseases
Airway problem (bacterial)
Big, mucus-filled lungs (elev Residual volume, elev Reid index = incr airway thickness/airway lumen)
FEV1/FVC <0.8 => trouble breathing out
ABG: elev pCO2 => elev RR, low pH
Die of bronchiectasis
Ex: COPD
Tx: Manipulate rate on ventilator, incr RR, incr expiratory time, incr O2 only if needed
What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?
(Brain)
Psychosis
Seizures
Jitteriness
What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?
(Skeletal muscle)
Muscle spasms
Cramps
What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?
(smooth muscle)
Diarrhea
What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?
(Cardiac)
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?
(Brain)
Lethargy
Mental status changes
Depression
What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?
(Skeletal muscle)
Weakness
SOB
What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?
(smooth muscle)
Constipation
What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?
(Cardiac)
Hypotension
Bradycardia
