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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intracellular buffer?

A

Protein

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2
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

A molecule w/ one negative and one positive end

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4
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is no net charge

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5
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

PFK-1

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6
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

G6PD

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in ß-oxidation?

A

CAT-1

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10
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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11
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in ketogenesis?

A

HMG-CoA synthase

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12
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in purine synthesis?

A

PRPP synthase

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13
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Asp transcarbamylase

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14
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle?

A

CPS-1

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16
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis?

A

d-ALA synthase

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17
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy?

A

ABC
- acetyl CoA production
- ß-oxidation
- citric acid cycle

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18
Q

What are the anabolic pathways that store energy?

A

EFGH
- ER
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Glycolysis
- HMP shunt

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19
Q

What are the pathways that are both anabolic & catabolic?

A

HUG
- Heme synthesis
- Urea cycle
- Gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What does an isomerase do?

A

Creates an isomer

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21
Q

What does an epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon

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22
Q

What does a mutase do?

A

Moves side chain from one carbon to another (intrachain)

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23
Q

What does a transferase do?

A

Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain)

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24
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

Phosphorylates, using ATP

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25
Q

What does a phosphorylase do?

A

Phosphorylates, using inorganic phosphate

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26
Q

What does a carboxylase do?

A

Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin), using CO2

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27
Q

What does a synthase do?

A

Consumes 2 substrates equally

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28
Q

What does a synthetase do?

A

Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP

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29
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Breaks phosphate bond

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30
Q

What does a hydrolase do?

A

Breaks a bond with water

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31
Q

What does a lyase do?

A

Cuts C-C bonds with ATP

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32
Q

What does a dehydrogenase do?

A

Removes H with a cofactor

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33
Q

What does a thio do?

A

Breaks S bonds

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34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

From high to low concentration

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35
Q

What is active transport?

A

Goes against concentration gradient

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36
Q

What is zero-order kinetics?

A

Metabolism, independent of concentration

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37
Q

What is 1st order kinetics?

A

Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug

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38
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Max effect regardless of dose
(Lower w/ non-competitive antagonist)

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39
Q

What affects efficacy?

A

Vmax

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40
Q

What is potency?

A

Amount of drug needed to produce effect
(Lower w/ competitive antagonist)

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41
Q

What affects potency?

A

Km

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42
Q

What is Kd?

A

Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors

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43
Q

What is EC50?

A

Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response

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44
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Fights for active site
No change in Vmax
Potency decreases

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45
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?

A

Binds a regulatory site
No change in Km
Efficacy decreases
Decr Vmax

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46
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Pos delta G

Consumes heat

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47
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Neg delta G

Gives off heat

Ex: spontaneous reaction

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48
Q

What is the peak level?

A

4 hrs after dose

(Too high => decrease dose)

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49
Q

What is the Trough level?

A

2 hours before dose

(Too high => give less often)

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50
Q

What is t1/2?

A

Half-life
= time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested

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51
Q

What is Von Gierke?

A

G6P-ase deficiency
=> hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly

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52
Q

What is Pompe’s?

A

Cardiac alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency
=> die early

Heart failure in child

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53
Q

What is Cori’s?

A

Debranching enzyme deficiency
=> short branches of glycogen

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54
Q

What is Anderson’s?

A

Branching enzyme deficiency
=> long chains of glycogen

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55
Q

What is McArdle’s?

A

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency
=> muscle cramps w/ exercise

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56
Q

What is Essential fructosuria?

A

Fructokinase deficiency
=> excrete fructose

(Still have hexokinase)

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57
Q

What is fructosemia?

A

Fructose intolerance
(Aldolase B deficiency)
=> liver damage

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58
Q

What does a galactokinase deficiency cause?

A

Cataracts

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59
Q

What does Galactosemia cause?

A

Cataracts
Mental retardation
Liver damage

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60
Q

What does citrate shuttle do?

A

FA transport out of the mitochondria

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61
Q

What does the carnitine shuttle do?

A

FA transport into the mitochondria

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62
Q

What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula?

A

Tay-Sachs (ß-hexosaminadase A deficiency)
Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelinase deficiency)

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63
Q

What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle-face?

A

Gaucher’s (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
Hurler’s (alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency)

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64
Q

What is Tay-Sach’s?

A

Hexosaminidase A deficiency =>
- blindness
- incoordination
- dementia

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65
Q

What is Sandhoff’s?

A

Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency

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66
Q

What is Gaucher’s?

A

Glucocerebrosidase deficiency =>
- “wrinkled tissue paper” nuclei
- bone pain

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67
Q

What is Neimann-Pick?

A

Sphingomyelinase deficiency
=> zebra bodies

68
Q

What is Fabry’s?

A

Alpha-galactosidase deficiency =>
- corneal clouding
- attacks baby’s kidneys
- X-linked recessive

69
Q

What is Krabbe’s?

A

ẞ-galactosidase deficiency
=> globoid bodies

70
Q

What is metachromatic leukodystrophy?

A

Arylsulfatase deficiency
=> childhood MS

71
Q

What is Hunter’s?

A

Iduronidase deficiency
=> milder form

72
Q

What is Hurler’s?

A

Iduronidase deficiency
=> severe form

73
Q

What is Lesch-Nyhan?

A

HGRPRT deficiency =>
- gout
- neuropathy
- self-mutilation
- X-linked recessive

74
Q

What do white diaper crystals suggest?

A

Excess orotic acid

75
Q

What does biotin donate CO2 groups for?

A

Carboxylation

76
Q

What does THF donate methyl groups for?

A

Nucleotides

77
Q

What does SAM donate methyl groups for?

A

All other reactions

78
Q

What is the difference b/w heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin = tightly coiled

Euchromatin = loose (10 nm)

79
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine
Guanine

80
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

CUT the pyramid

81
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Changes leave the same amino acid

82
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Changes 1 base

83
Q

What is a transition?

A

Changes 1 purine to another purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

84
Q

What is a transversion?

A

Changes 1 purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

85
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Insert or delete 1-2 bases

86
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Mistaken amino acid substitution

87
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Early stop codon

88
Q

What does a Southern blot defect?

89
Q

What does a Northern blot detect?

90
Q

What does a Western blot detect?

91
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL
- Phe
- Val
- Trp

  • Tyr
  • Ile
  • Met
  • His
  • Ala
  • Leu
  • Lys
92
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

93
Q

What are the acidic amino acids?

94
Q

What are the basic amino acids?

95
Q

What are the sulfur-containing amino acids?

96
Q

What are the O-bond amino acids?

97
Q

What are the N-bond amino acids?

98
Q

What are the branched amino acids?

99
Q

What are the aromatic amino acids?

100
Q

What is the smallest amino acid?

101
Q

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

102
Q

What are the glucogenic & ketogenic AA?

A

PITT
- Phe
- Ile
- Thr
- Trp

103
Q

What amino acids does Trypsin cut?

104
Q

What amino acids does ß ME cut?

105
Q

What amino acids does acid hydrolysis denature?

106
Q

What amino acids does chymotrypsin cut?

107
Q

What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction?

108
Q

What does carboxypeptidase cut?

A

Left of any amino acid on the carboxy terminal

109
Q

What does CNBr cut?
(Cyanogen bromide)

A

Right of Methionine

110
Q

What does aminopeptidase cut?

A

Right of N terminus

111
Q

What does mercaptoethanol cut?

A

Right of Cys, Met

112
Q

What does elastase cut?

A

Right of Gly, Ala, Ser

113
Q

What does Trypsin cut?

114
Q

What does chymotrypsin cut?

A

Phe
Tyr
Trp

115
Q

What does alpha-1-antitrypsin do?

A

Inhibits trypsin from getting loose

116
Q

What is PKU?

A

No Phe -> Tyr (via PheHydroxylase)

  • nutrasweet sensitivity
  • mental retardation
  • pale
  • blond hair
  • blue eyes
  • musty odor
117
Q

What is albinism?

A

No Tyr -> melanin

(Via tyrosinase)

118
Q

What is maple syrup urine disease?

A

Defective metabolism of branched AA (Leu, Ile, Val)
=> AA leak out

119
Q

What is Homocystinuria?

A

No homocysteine -> Cys

“COLA” stones
- Cysteine
- Ornithine
- Lysine
- Arginine

120
Q

What is Pellagra?

A

Niacin deficiency
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
- dementia
- death

121
Q

What is Hartnup’s?

A

No tryptophan => niacin + serotonin

Presents like pellagra’s
Can mimic corn-rich diet

122
Q

What causes anterior leg bowing?

A

Neonatal syphilis

123
Q

What causes lateral leg bowing?

124
Q

What are the names of the B vitamins?

A

“The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks”
- B1 = Thiamine
- B2 = Riboflavin
- B3 = Niacin
- B4 = Lipoic acid
- B5 = Pantothenic acid
- B6 = Pyridoxine
- B9 = Folate
- B12 = Cobalamin

125
Q

What does Vit A do?

A

Night vision
CSF production
PTH

126
Q

What does Vit B1 do?

A

Cofactors for:
- Dehydrogenases
- Transketolase (PPP)

127
Q

What does Vit B2 do?

A

FAD cofactor

128
Q

What does Vit B3 do?

A

NAD cofactor
or
NADP

129
Q

What does Vit B4 do?

A

Glycolysis
No known diseases

130
Q

What does Vit B5 do?

A

Part of Acetyl CoA
No known diseases

131
Q

What does Vit B6 do?

A

Transaminase cofactor
Myelin integrity

132
Q

What does Vit B9 do?

A

Nuclear division

133
Q

What does Vit B12 do?

A

Cofactor for:
- homocysteine methyltransferase (HMT)
- methlyl-malonyl CoA mutase (MMM)

134
Q

What does Vit C do?

A

Collagen synthesis

135
Q

What does Vit D do?

A

Mineralization of bones, teeth

136
Q

What does Vit K do?

A

Clotting factors

137
Q

What does biotin do?

A

Carboxylation
(= cofactors of carboxylases)

138
Q

What does Calcium do?

A

Neuronal function
Atria depolarization
SM contractility

139
Q

What does Cu(2+) do?

A

Collagen synthesis

140
Q

What does Fe(2+) do?

A

Hb function
Electron transport

141
Q

What is Bronze pigmentation?

A

Fe deposit in skin

142
Q

What is Bronze cirrhosis?

A

Fe deposit in liver

143
Q

What is Bronze diabetes?

A

Fe deposit in pancreas

144
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

Fe overload in bone marrow

145
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Fe deposit in organs

146
Q

What does Magnesium do?

A

PTH and kinase cofactor

147
Q

What does Zinc do?

A

Taste buds
Hair
Sperm function

148
Q

What does Chromium (Cr) do?

A

Insulin function

149
Q

What does Molybdenum do?

A

Purine breakdown
(Cofactor for xanthine oxidase)

150
Q

What does manganese (Mn) do?

A

Glycolysis

151
Q

What does Selenium (Se) do?

A

Heart function => dilated cardiomyopathy

152
Q

What does tin (Sn) do?

153
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Malabsorption
Big belly (ascites)
Protein deficiency

154
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Starvation
Skinny
Calorie deficiency

155
Q

Where does the Pre- label send stuff to?

A

RER

prE = rEr

156
Q

Where does the Pro- label send stuff to?

A

Golgi

prO = gOlgi

157
Q

Where does the mannose-6P send stuff to?

158
Q

Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to?

A

Mitochondria

159
Q

What are the 4 types of collagen?

A

SCAB
- Type I: Skin, bone
- Type II: Connective tissue, aqueous humor
- Type III: Arteries
- Type IV: Basement membrane

160
Q

How does Scleroderma present?

A

Tight skin

161
Q

How does Ehler’s Danlos present?

A

Hyper-stretchable skin

162
Q

How does Marfan’s present?

A

Hyperextensible joints
Arachnodactyly
Wing span longer than height
Aortic root dilatation
Aortic aneurysm
Mitral valve prolapse
Dislocated lens from bottom of eye -> look up

163
Q

How does homocystinuria lens present?

A

Dislocated lens from top -> look down

164
Q

How does kinky hair disease present?

A

Hair looks like copper wire

(= copper deficiency)

165
Q

How does scurvy present?

A

Bleeding gums
Bleeding hair follicles

166
Q

How does Takayasu arteritis present?

A

Asian female with very weak pulse

167
Q

How does osteogenesis imperfecta present?

A

Shattered bones
Blue sclera

PP Clues (27 decks)

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