Religion Study Guide Ch. 4 Test Flashcards
There are 3 main abuses of power by Church leadership during the Middle Ages
Simony, lay investiture and nepotism
A system of economic and political relationships, often described with a triangle
Feudalism
3 of the reforms to Church leadership that came from the Cluny monastery in France
Elections of the abbot (free of outside influence); prayer; sacrifice
3 of the reforms to Church leadership that came from some of the medieval popes
Celibacy; college of cardinals; excommunication; Crusades; political alliances
These factors led to the decline of Christendom
The break up of Roman Empire; a new wave of invasions; lack of a central authority
2 main reasons for the Crusades
To take back the Holy Land; to defend the faith
The mixed results of the Crusades
Violence, death but also an opening of trade and new ideas
An aspect of culture that broadened the gap between East and West in the Church
Language
Mutual excommunications happened in this year, thus causing the East-West Schism
1054
One of the controversies that led to the Great Schism
Filioque controversy; iconoclast; battle over bishop of Sicily
2 examples of mendicant orders studied in this chapter
Franciscans; Dominicans; Poor Clares; Augustinians
Some distinguishing aspects of mendicant life from monastic life (i.e contrast the 2)
Lived among the people vs lived secluded, apart from people; begged to survive vs self sufficient
An example of monastic orders (from Ch. 3)
Benedictine
Distinctive clothing for Dominicans that gave them their nickname
Black cloak over white robes; the Black Friars
2 purposes served by mendicants living among the people rather than apart like the monastics
To serve the needs of the people, to be a witness of simple gospel values by their way of life
The type of Church architecture that reflects the worldview of Church as a fortress, protectors
Romanesque
Type of Church architecture that reflects the worldview of letting in God’s light and glory
Gothic
Type of education that granted degrees and where authority resided in the professors
From the North, like University of Paris
Type of education that granted licenses and where authority resided in teh students
From the South, like University of Bologna
Primary way of learning at this time
Listening & memorization - books were limited, expensive
A term used to describe a time in the Middle Ages when the Church and Western society were one
Christendom
An initiative that intended to make roads and cities safer for pilgrims and traveling merchants
Peace of God
A time dominated by political chaos and disease
Dark Ages
The government system that prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages in which a lord granted land in return for military services
Feudalism
The practice whereby secular leaders choose bishops for their territories, usurping the right of the Pope to choose them
Lay investiture
A religious follower, for example, of St. Francis of Assisi, who relies only on begging to survive
Mendicant
Passing on benefits or lads to one’s children or relatives
Nepotism
Program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent
Papal Inquisition
Territory in modern day central Italy that was overseen by the pope from the 8th century until 1870
Papal States
The final cleansing away of sin and all consequence of sin
Purgatory
A general term that encompasses the theological and philosophical system developed by major Catholic thinkers, notably STA
Scholasticism
Outlawed combat from Wed evening to Mon morning as well as religious holidays
Truce of God
The practice of buying and selling of leadership positions or favor within the Church
Simony
The dogma stating that the substance of bread and win becomes the substance of the body and blood of Christ - at the consecration of the mass
Transubstantiation
Papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VII in 1302 that asserted that Popes had authority over secular rulers in both spiritual and temporal affairs and that being subject to the Pope was necessary for salvation
Unam Sanctum
Issued 2 papal bulls to combat nationalism and made strongest claim of papal supremacy
Pope Boniface VII
Former monk; as Pope issued reforms including clerical celibacy; saw the Church above all human societies claiming Pope has absolute spiritual and temporal power
Pope Gregory VII
Pleaded with Pope Gregory to return papacy to Rome
St. Catherine of Sienna
Good friend and protege of St. Francis, founder of the order known as the Poor Clares, based on the Rule of St. Francis
St. Clare of Assisi
Founded the Order of Preachers (aka the Dominicans) to combat heresies, notably Albigensianism
St. Dominic Guzman
Founded the Order of Friars Minor (aka the Franciscans), lived a life of simplicity ad poverty bringing Christ to the marketplace
St. Francis of Assisi
Excommunicated by Pope Gregory over lay investiture; was forgiven but then deposed Pope Gregory and set up his own puppet Pope
Emperor Henry IV
Arabian merchant whose vision led him to establish religion of Islam
Muhammed
Famous quote of St. Francis that reflects his order’s way of life; it’s what he told the brothers before he sent them out
Preach the Gospel always, and if you have to, use words
