Biology Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
A body of knowledge based on the study of nature
Science
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Species
Taxonomic group of similar related genera that is smaller than an order and larger than a genus
Family
All the interacting populations of different species that live in the same geographic location at the same time
Biological community
Production of offspring
Reproduction
Stimulus or Response
A: Anything that is part of any environment and causes some sort of reaction by the organism
B: The reaction to stimulus
A. Stimulus
B. Response
Homeostasis or Adaptation
A. Regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life
B. Any inherited characteristic that results from changes to a species over time
A. Homeostasis
B. Adaptation
Science or Pseudoscience
A. A body of knowledge based on the study of the natural world
B. A false knowledge
A. Science
B. Pseudoscience
Theory or Law
A. An Explanation of the natural phenomenons supported by many observations and experiments over time
B. Describes relationship under certain conditions in nature
A. Theory
B. Law
What are these 8 things all related to?
- Made of one or more cells
- Displays organization
- Grows and develops
- Reproduces
- Responds to stimulus
- Requires energy
- Maintains homeostasis
- Adaptations evolve over time
8 characteristics of living organisms
A series of problem solving procedures that might include observations, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, gathering, analyzing data and drawing a conclusion
Scientific methods
Testable explanation of a situation
Hypothesis
Orderly direct information gathering about a natural pheomenon
Observation
The group not receiving the factor being tested
Control group
Quantitative or qualitative information gained scientific investigation
Data
The change in an experiment
Variable
The end result
Conclusion
Measured numerical data
Quantative
Observations only
Qualative
Used to make communication easier Meter: Length Gram: Weight Liter: Volume Second: Time
SI Units
The moral principles that guide society and influence science
Ethics
Scientist should ____ other scientists in the same fields work
Peer review
Biotic or Abiotic
A. Any living factor in an organism’s environment
B. Any nonliving factor in an organism’s environment
A. Biotic
B.Abiotic
Stable mature ecological community with little change in composition of species
Climax community
Primary or secondary succession
A: Establishment of a community in an area of bare rock or sand (no topsoil)
B: Orderly change that occurs in a place where soil remains after a community of organisms has been removed
A. Primary succession
B. Second succession
Cannot make its own food
Heterotroph
Can make its own food
Autotroph
Heterotroph that eats plants and meat
Omnivore
Heterotroph that eats only meat
Carnivore
Heterotroph that eats only plants
Herbivore
A biological community and all nonliving factors that affect it
Ecosystem
Large group of ecosystems that share the same atmosphere and have similar types of communites
Biome
Group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographic place at the same time
Population
Niche or Habitat
A: Role or position of an organism in its environment
B: Physical area where an organism lives
A: Niche
B. Habitat
Relatively thin layer of earth’s atmosphere that supports life
Biosphere
Heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to the soil, air and water
Detritivore
Heterotroph that feeds on dead animal and plant material
Scavenger
Heterotroph that decomposes organic material
Decomposer
Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism are 3 types of what?
3 types of symbiosis
The mutual relationship between 2 or more organisms that live closely together
Mutualism
1 organism benefits but the other is neither helped or harmed
Commensalism
1 organism benefits but the other is harmed
Parasitism
Model that shows many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem
Food web
The phosphorus cycle is essential to making
ATP
Photosynthesis is the opposite of what?
The opposite of cellular respiration
Classified according to predominant vegitation
Biomes
Treeless
Cold and dark
Tundra
Low rainfall
Every continent except Europe
Dessert
Humid, hot and wet
Tropical rainforest
Organism’s ability to survive biotic and abiotic factors
Tolerance
Biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number, distribution or reproduction of a population within a community
Limiting factor
Primary successions pioneer species
Lichen
Secondary successions pioneer species
Plants
Weather or climate
A: The condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time
B: The average weather conditions in an area
A. Weather
B. Climate
The material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers
Sediment
An ecosystem that is formed where fresh water from a river merges with salt water from an ocean
Estuary
A narrow band where the ocean meets land
Intertidal zone
Where the river begins
Headwater
Where the river divides
River mouth
The area to a depth of about 200m of the pelagic zone
Photic zone
Where the sunlight is able to penetrate
Aphotic zone
Along the ocean floor
Benthic zone
Deepest region of the ocean
Abyssal zone
Basic building blocks of MATTER
Atom
An atom that has lost or gained 1 or more electrons
Ion
A pure substance formed when 2 or more different elements combine
Compoud
A pure substance that cannot be broken down
Element
When atoms or groups of atoms in a substance are reorganized into different substances
Chemical reaction
Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons
Isotope
Positively charged particles
Proton
Particles with no charge
Neutron
Negatively charged particles
Electron
An electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged atoms
Ionic bond
The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared
Covalent bond
The Input
Reactants
Output
Products
A substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalyst
Neutral
7
Basic
0-6
Acidic
8-14
Acid
H+
Basic compound
OH-
Store energy
Carbohydrates
Provide barriers and store energy
Lipids
Speed reactions and make hormones
Proteins
Store and communicate genetic information
Nucleic acids
A combination of 2 or more different substances
Mixture
The substance that dissolves in the solvent
Solute
Provides supports and protects that plant cell
Cell Wall
Occur in pairs and are important for cell division
Centrioles
A double membrane organelle, where photosynthesis takes place
Chloroplast
The cells skeleton
Cytoskeleton
Highly folded membrane that is the site of protein synthesis
ER
Modifies proteins and packages them and distributes them out of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Breaks down worn out or unnecessary substances
Lysosomes
Power house of the cell
Mitochondria
Contains the cells genetic info
Nucleus
Controls the movement of substances in or out of the cell
Plasma membrane
Site of protein synthase
Ribosome
Vesicle for temporary storage of materials
Vacoule
Maximum magnification is 1000x
Light microscope
How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
Plants cells have a cell wall
Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes
A. Contain a nucleus
B. Without a nucleus
A. Eukaryotes
B. Prokaryotes
Active or Passive
A. Requires energy
B. Does not require energy
A. Active
B. Passive
Hypertonic or Hypotonic
A. Cell size shrinks
B. Cell size increases
A. Hypertonic
B. Hypotonic
Makes sugar
Photosynthesis
Absorbs light
Chlorophyll
What ATP stands for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Calvin cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria
Krebs cycle
The 3 main cycles of cellular respiration are?
Calvin cycle, krebs cycle, glycolisis
Aerobic or Anaerobic
A. Requires oxygen
B. Does not requires oxygen
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
Regenerates the cells supply of NAD+ while producing very little ATP
Fermentation
The growing and dividing of cells
Cell cycle
A phase of the cell cycle which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divides
Mitosis
The cell’s cytoplasm divides creating new cells
Cytokenisis
Prokaryotes reproduce by?
Binary fission
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Stem cells
Uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Cancer cells
N number of chromosomes
Haploid cells
2n number of chromosomes
Diploid cells
Joins two sister chromatids
Centromere
Carries genetic info from one generation to another
Chromosome
Relaxed form of DNA
Chromatid
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
DNA on chromosomes arranged in segments that control the production of proteins
Gene
Alternate form of a gene
Allele
Different 2 alleles
Heterozygous
Same 2 alleles
Homozygous
Appears in F1 Generation
Dominant
Appears in F2 Generation
Recessive
Sex cells with half the number of chromosomes
Gamete
Fertilized gamete
Zygote
