Biology Midterm Study Guide Flashcards by Agustina Girardi

A body of knowledge based on the study of nature

Science

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A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Species

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Taxonomic group of similar related genera that is smaller than an order and larger than a genus

Family

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All the interacting populations of different species that live in the same geographic location at the same time

Biological community

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Production of offspring

Reproduction

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Stimulus or Response
A: Anything that is part of any environment and causes some sort of reaction by the organism
B: The reaction to stimulus

A. Stimulus

B. Response

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Homeostasis or Adaptation
A. Regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life
B. Any inherited characteristic that results from changes to a species over time

A. Homeostasis

B. Adaptation

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Science or Pseudoscience
A. A body of knowledge based on the study of the natural world
B. A false knowledge

A. Science

B. Pseudoscience

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Theory or Law
A. An Explanation of the natural phenomenons supported by many observations and experiments over time
B. Describes relationship under certain conditions in nature

A. Theory

B. Law

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What are these 8 things all related to?

Made of one or more cells
Displays organization
Grows and develops
Reproduces
Responds to stimulus
Requires energy
Maintains homeostasis
Adaptations evolve over time

8 characteristics of living organisms

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A series of problem solving procedures that might include observations, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, gathering, analyzing data and drawing a conclusion

Scientific methods

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Testable explanation of a situation

Hypothesis

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Orderly direct information gathering about a natural pheomenon

Observation

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The group not receiving the factor being tested

Control group

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Quantitative or qualitative information gained scientific investigation

Data

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The change in an experiment

Variable

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The end result

Conclusion

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Measured numerical data

Quantative

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Observations only

Qualative

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Used to make communication easier
Meter: Length
Gram: Weight
Liter: Volume
Second: Time

SI Units

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The moral principles that guide society and influence science

Ethics

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Scientist should ____ other scientists in the same fields work

Peer review

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Biotic or Abiotic
A. Any living factor in an organism’s environment
B. Any nonliving factor in an organism’s environment

A. Biotic

B.Abiotic

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Stable mature ecological community with little change in composition of species

Climax community

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Primary or secondary succession A: Establishment of a community in an area of bare rock or sand (no topsoil) B: Orderly change that occurs in a place where soil remains after a community of organisms has been removed

A. Primary succession B. Second succession

Cannot make its own food

Heterotroph

Can make its own food

Autotroph

Heterotroph that eats plants and meat

Omnivore

Heterotroph that eats only meat

Carnivore

Heterotroph that eats only plants

Herbivore

A biological community and all nonliving factors that affect it

Ecosystem

Large group of ecosystems that share the same atmosphere and have similar types of communites

Biome

Group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographic place at the same time

Population

Niche or Habitat A: Role or position of an organism in its environment B: Physical area where an organism lives

A: Niche B. Habitat

Relatively thin layer of earth's atmosphere that supports life

Biosphere

Heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to the soil, air and water

Detritivore

Heterotroph that feeds on dead animal and plant material

Scavenger

Heterotroph that decomposes organic material

Decomposer

Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism are 3 types of what?

3 types of symbiosis

The mutual relationship between 2 or more organisms that live closely together

Mutualism

1 organism benefits but the other is neither helped or harmed

Commensalism

1 organism benefits but the other is harmed

Parasitism

Model that shows many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem

Food web

The phosphorus cycle is essential to making

ATP

Photosynthesis is the opposite of what?

The opposite of cellular respiration

Classified according to predominant vegitation

Biomes

Treeless | Cold and dark

Tundra

Low rainfall | Every continent except Europe

Dessert

Humid, hot and wet

Tropical rainforest

Organism's ability to survive biotic and abiotic factors

Tolerance

Biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number, distribution or reproduction of a population within a community

Limiting factor

Primary successions pioneer species

Lichen

Secondary successions pioneer species

Plants

Weather or climate A: The condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time B: The average weather conditions in an area

A. Weather B. Climate

The material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers

Sediment

An ecosystem that is formed where fresh water from a river merges with salt water from an ocean

Estuary

A narrow band where the ocean meets land

Intertidal zone

Where the river begins

Headwater

Where the river divides

River mouth

The area to a depth of about 200m of the pelagic zone

Photic zone

Where the sunlight is able to penetrate

Aphotic zone

Along the ocean floor

Benthic zone

Deepest region of the ocean

Abyssal zone

Basic building blocks of MATTER

Atom

An atom that has lost or gained 1 or more electrons

Ion

A pure substance formed when 2 or more different elements combine

Compoud

A pure substance that cannot be broken down

Element

When atoms or groups of atoms in a substance are reorganized into different substances

Chemical reaction

Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

Isotope

Positively charged particles

Proton

Particles with no charge

Neutron

Negatively charged particles

Electron

An electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged atoms

Ionic bond

The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared

Covalent bond

The Input

Reactants

Output

Products

A substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalyst

Neutral

Basic

0-6

Acidic

8-14

Acid

H+

Basic compound

OH-

Store energy

Carbohydrates

Provide barriers and store energy

Lipids

Speed reactions and make hormones

Proteins

Store and communicate genetic information

Nucleic acids

A combination of 2 or more different substances

Mixture

The substance that dissolves in the solvent

Solute

Provides supports and protects that plant cell

Cell Wall

Occur in pairs and are important for cell division

Centrioles

A double membrane organelle, where photosynthesis takes place

Chloroplast

The cells skeleton

Cytoskeleton

Highly folded membrane that is the site of protein synthesis

Modifies proteins and packages them and distributes them out of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Breaks down worn out or unnecessary substances

Lysosomes

Power house of the cell

Mitochondria

Contains the cells genetic info

Nucleus

Controls the movement of substances in or out of the cell

Plasma membrane

Site of protein synthase

Ribosome

Vesicle for temporary storage of materials

Vacoule

Maximum magnification is 1000x

Light microscope

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Plants cells have a cell wall

Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes A. Contain a nucleus B. Without a nucleus

A. Eukaryotes B. Prokaryotes

Active or Passive A. Requires energy B. Does not require energy

A. Active B. Passive

Hypertonic or Hypotonic A. Cell size shrinks B. Cell size increases

A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic

Makes sugar

Photosynthesis

Absorbs light

Chlorophyll

What ATP stands for?

Adenosine triphosphate

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Calvin cycle

Occurs in the mitochondria

Krebs cycle

The 3 main cycles of cellular respiration are?

Calvin cycle, krebs cycle, glycolisis

Aerobic or Anaerobic A. Requires oxygen B. Does not requires oxygen

A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic

Regenerates the cells supply of NAD+ while producing very little ATP

Fermentation

The growing and dividing of cells

Cell cycle

A phase of the cell cycle which the cell's nucleus and nuclear material divides

Mitosis

The cell's cytoplasm divides creating new cells

Cytokenisis

Prokaryotes reproduce by?

Binary fission

Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

Stem cells

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells

Cancer cells

N number of chromosomes

Haploid cells

2n number of chromosomes

Diploid cells

Joins two sister chromatids

Centromere

Carries genetic info from one generation to another

Chromosome

Relaxed form of DNA

Chromatid

Father of genetics

Gregor Mendel

DNA on chromosomes arranged in segments that control the production of proteins

Gene

Alternate form of a gene

Allele

Different 2 alleles

Heterozygous

Same 2 alleles

Homozygous

Appears in F1 Generation

Dominant

Appears in F2 Generation

Recessive

Sex cells with half the number of chromosomes

Gamete

Fertilized gamete

Zygote