Biology Ch. 7 Vocab Flashcards
Basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms
Cell
States that (1) organisms are made of one of more cells; (2) cells are the basic unit of life; and (3) all cells come only from other cells
Cell Theory
Flexible selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell
Plasma membrane
Specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions such as protein synthesis and energy trasformation
Organelle
Unicellular organism with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
In Eukaryotic cells, the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA
Nucleus
Microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic Cell
Property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substance into or out of the cell
Selective Permeability
Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside
Phospholipid Bilayer
Protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane
Transport Protein
A plasma membrane with components constantly in motion sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model
Semifluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm
SImple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins
Ribosome
The site of ribosome production within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus
Highly, folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to other organelles or out of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes
Vacuole
Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances
Lysosome
Organelle that plays a role in cell division and its made of microtubules
Centriole
Membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell
Mitochondrion
Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosythesis
Chloroplast
In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell
Cell Wall
Short, hairlike projection that functions in cell movement
Cilium
Long, tail-like projection with whiplike or propeller motion that helps a cell move
Flagellum
Net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials
Dynamic equilibrium
Passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water
Isotonic Solution
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis
Hypotonic Solution
A solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis
Hypertonic Solution
Energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient
Active Transport
Energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell
Endocytosis
Energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
Advantages: Visible light, inexpensive. See Colors. Can use living things
Disadvantages: Distortion by view of example. 2D only magnifies 1,000x
Optical Microscope
Advantages: 500,000x, more detail
Disadvantages: Black + white image, Non-living samples. 2D, like a photograph
Transmission Electron Microscope
Advantages: 3D, 500,000x, more detail, can be colorized.
Disadvantages: Black + white image, Non-living samples
Scanning Electron Microscope
