Reeves Chapter 12 Flashcards
why are negative emotions life fear or anger useful?
researchers believe they are constructive responses to fundamental life tasks (even if they sometimes lead us astray)
six perennial questions
1.) what is an emotion?
2.) what causes an emotion?
3.) How many emotions are there?
4.) what good are emotions?
5.) can we control our emotions?
6.)what is the difference between? emotion and mood?
what is an emotion?
multidimensional and exist as subjective, biological, purposive, and expressive phenomenon.
feeling states but they are also biological responses, agents of purpose, and social expressive behaviors
we all know emotions by their feelings, but feelings are only…
a part of emotion
what is the order of the emotion process?
(worksheet)
1.) significant life event
2.) emotion
3.) bodily response/feeling/sense of purpose/expressive behavior
emotion exists as a combo of…
neural circuits, response systems, and a feeling state/process that motivates and organizes cognition and action
emotion is what choreographs…
feeling, bodily responsive, purposive, and expressive components into a coherent response
fear example:
eliciting event: ski slopes
feeling aspect: scared
bodily response: “pumped up”
purposive aspect: strongly desires self protection
expressive aspect: tensed eyes and corners of mouth pulled down
(fear (the emotion) is what synchronizes all of these aspects
emotions are one type of
motive
emotions serve as an ongoing…system to indicate how…. is going
readout, adaptation
researchers see emotions as ….states that are aimed at triggering…..
motivational, correct behaviors
example of emotions as motivational states triggering correct behavior
air deprivation,, loss of air causes an intense emotional reaction of terror, the terror causes the motivation to get back to homeostasis, NOT the air deprivation
no terror=no motivation
positive emotion signal…..and reflect…..
all is well…satisfaction
negative emotions act as a….
warning signal
when we encounter a significant life event (potential threat/opportunity)…
an emotion rises
example: walking in the dark causes cognitive and biological responses to the emotion of fear
biological theorists think…
emotions come from a biological core like the subcortical brain, and that emotions can arise without a cognitive event but NOT without a biological event
cognitive theorists think…
individuals cannot respond emotionally unless they first appraise the situation first
ex.) is the event important to me, is is relevant to my well being?
what is the “two systems view?”
both cognition and biology cause emotion, the two systems run parallel but are also interactive
-one system is innate and spontaneous (bio)
-one is an experience based system (cog.)
(chart in notebook)
biological emotion processing
sensory info is processed rapidly, automatically, and unconsciously by the subcortical brain structures and pathways
cognitive emotion processing
dependent on the unique learning history of the individual, sensory info is processed evaluatively, interpretively, and consciously by the cortical pathways
emotion is…
a process, a chain of events that aggregate into a complex feedback system
elements in plutchiks feedback loop
cognition, arousal, feelings, preparation of action, expressive displays, overt behavioral activity
what ends an emotion?
the removal of the significant life event, usually upon the use of coping behaviors
how many emotions are there?
depends on if you favor the cognitive or behavioral viewpoints
the biological theory emphasizes the ….and downplays the importance of….
basic emotions, secondary emotions
the cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of both…. and …. but acknowledges mush of their significance is rooted in….
basic, secondary emotions….personal, social, and cultural experience
the biological perspective states there is a range between … and …. basic emotions
2 to 8
panskepp’s basic emotions
seeking, fear, anger/rage, lust, care, sadness/grief, and play. based on 7 neuroanatomical pathways on the subcortical brain
ekman’s basic emotions
fear, ager, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, and contempt, based on correspnding facial expressions
levensons basic emotions
suggests enjoyment, anger, fear, disgust, surprise, sadness, and said each emotion i distinct to a survival related challenge
plutchiks basic emotions
anger, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise, joy and anticipation. each emotion corresponds to an emotion-behavior syndrome common to all living organisms
each basic emotion theory agrees that…
1.) a small number of basic emotions exist. 2.) basic emotions are universal to all humans and animals, and 3.) basic emotions ae products of biology and evolution
in broad what is the cognitive perspective of emotion?
asserts firmly that humans experience a greater number of emotions than highlighted by biological tradition
what are some of the reasonings behind the cognitive theory?
several different emotions can arise from the same biological factor,, make the argument that cognitive activity is a prerequisite to emotion and therefore limitless emotions’ exist,, emotions arise in response to the meaning strutures of given situations,, meaning of an event not just the event itself elicits emotions
the main debate is not whether said emotions exist, but rather… what are the solutions to this debate?
are they basic?
solution 1:each basic emotion is not a single emotion but rather an emotion family
solution 2: distinguish first order emotions (basic) from second order emotions (cognitively enriched emotional schemas)
what is an example of an emotion family?
anger: frustration,,hostility,,rage,,fury,,annoyance,,envy
“destroy obstacles theme”
all emotional families share…
physiological emotional responses
language experts have concluded emotional knowledge consists of 5 basic emotion groups
anger, fear, sadness, joy, and love
(but through socialization and experience the repertoire grows)
all basic emotions include…
- distinct facial expression
- distinct pattern of physiology
- automatic appraisals
- distinct antecedent cause
- inescapable activation
- presence in other primates
- rapid onset
- brief duration
- distinct feeling state
- distinct cognition
guilt, shame, embarrassment, interest, love and hat meet almost…
all of the basic criteria
why are jealousy, hope, anxiety, depression, aggression, and worry not considered basic>
- many emotions are experienced based derivatives of a basic emotion
- many emotion terms actually better describe moods/attitudes/personality traits/and disorders
- some emotions are blends of basic emotions
- many emotion terms refer to only 1 specific aspect of a basic emotion `
basic emotions can be conceptualized as…
subcortical brain circuits rooted in evolution
Izard postulates basic emotions can be identified by meeting 7 criteria
- is present at birth or emerges during infancy
- requires only simple or minimal cognitive processing for activation
- is derived thru evolutionary processes
- features a unique feeling state
- features a unique expression
- features a unique function
- features a unique motivational force important to survival or well-being
emotion schemas develop out of a …
dynamic interplay among basic emotions, cognitive, appraisals, and higher order cognition
izard believed that…
in infancy you have only basic emotions, and are developing schemas, and then in adulthood you have no basic emotions and only schemas
darwin argues…
emotions help animals adapt to their surroundings
what are fundamental life tasks?
universal human predicaments ex.) loss, threat, achievement
emotions during a life task…
energizes and directs behavior in adaptive ways
emotions are…
primitive yet functional action control systems
all emotions are good because
they serve a purpose
acting in ones emotions can be
problematic
we make the assumption that people are social by…
nature
emotions play a functional role in…
helping ppl navigate their social interactions and interpersonal relations to solve important social problems
this is evidence that we use our emotions to facilitate social interactions
humans are more likely to smile socially than they are emotionally
negative emotions can also be powerful deterrents of…
relationships
life is full of stresses, challenges, and problems, and emotions act as
solutions
human emotion operates within a…
2 system design
although emotions are automatic responses, we…
have the power to change their course
what is emotional regulation?
how we try and influence which emotions we have, why we have them, how we express them, and- how we experience them
5 categories of emotional regulation strategies
situation selection, situation modification, attentional focus, reappraisal, and suppression
what is situation selection
one of the first lines of defense when it comes to emotional regulation,, it involves decided what to do, where to go, who to spend time with, activities to engage it etc.
by selecting one situation over another we are biasing what emotions we are likely to experience
what is situation modification?
involves program focused coping,, an example would be diffusing an argument
what is attentional focus?
redirects ones attention within a situation
what is reappraisal
-changes the way in which a individual thinks about a potentially emotion eliciting situation in order to modify its impact
example of a reappraisal
someone bumps into you and you immediately get angry and think about how inconsiderate they are,, but you reappraise the situation as an accident and you diffuse your anger
people who use reappraisal tend to have better…
psychological, social, and physical well being
what is suppression
-different from the other methods
-used to modify an already occurring motional experience
-mostly a “Do Not” strategy
what are the differences between emotion and mood?
- different antecedents
- different action specificity
- different time course
how are the antecedents of emotions and moods different?
emotions emerge from life events, whereas moods emerge from an ill-defined process that is often unknown
how are the action specificities of moods and emotions different?
emotions directly influence behavior and specific courses of action, whereas moods usually influence cognition and direct a persons thoughts
how are the timecourses of moods and emotions different>
emotions are short lives, where moods last longer
mood acts as a barometer for…
our underlying psychological and physiological condition
mood exists as a blend of…
valence and arousal
russels circumplex
go look at it in the book
what is positive affect?
the everyday, low level, general state of feeling good
-more subtle that regular emotion
positive affect subtly influences..
the info processing flow like what we think about, the decisions we make, etc.
what are the benefits of being in a good mood>
more likely to help others, prosocial behavior, express greater liking of others, more generous, take more risks, solve problems more creatively, persist, have intrinsic motivation, etc.
