Chapter 3 Reeve

Question 1

what are the 2 defining questions of the chapter?

Answer 1

1. how internal (thoughts) and external (environment) events activate specific brain structures
2. How activated structure energize, direct and sustain behavior

Question 2

what are the two general parts of the brain?

Answer 2

cortical and subcortical

Question 3

the cortical part of the brain is also known as the…and contains the….

Answer 3

cerebral cortex,, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Question 4

the subcortical part of the brain is also known as the… and contains

Answer 4

limbic system,, small nuclei that make up the anatomical core of the brain

Question 5

the cortical brain functions at the…

Answer 5

conscious, deliberate, intentional, and purposive levels

Question 6

the cortical brain is associated with motivations like…

Answer 6

goals, plan, strategies, and beliefs

Question 7

what is an example of your cortical brain at work?

Answer 7

you set a goal to get an A on n exam, formulate a plan of how you will attain the goal, adopt strategic decisions’ to read the textbook, and resist temptations of distractions

Question 8

the subcortical brain is associated with….

Answer 8

basic urges, impulses, and emotion rich motivations like: hunger thirst anger fear, pleasure, desire, reward, and wanting

Question 9

the subcortical brain functions at the…

Answer 9

unconscious, automatic, urgent, and impulsive levels

Question 10

what is an example of the subcortical brain at work

Answer 10

you pass a Cinnabon at the airport, your subcortical brain is then stimulated to approach the source of the pleasure (aroma)

Question 11

what is bidirectional communication?

Answer 11

the idea that individual brain structures are linked by neural pathways

Question 12

what is the purpose of bidirectional communication?

Answer 12

allows the cognitive, and emotional states from one structure structure to influence the cognitions, motivations and emotions of other structures

Question 13

what is an example of upstream activity?

Answer 13

I am so mad right now——>I could yell

Question 14

what is an example of downstream activity?

Answer 14

she probably didn’t do that on purpose——>it’s no big deal——->I’m not so mad anymore

Question 15

what is a bottom up generated motivational-emotional state?

Answer 15

individual brain structures respond to environmental stimuli

Question 16

what is a top down generated motivational emotional state?

Answer 16

cognitive appraisals of events that generate and modify motivational emotional states

Question 17

what brain structure lies within the brain stem?

Answer 17

reticular formation

Question 18

what brain structures make up the cortical brain?

Answer 18

-insular cortex
-prefrontal cortex
-orbital frontal cortex
-ventromedial prefrontal cortex
-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
-anterior cingulate cortex

Question 19

what brain structures make up the subcortical brain?

Answer 19

-amygdala
-ventral stratum
-nucleus accumbens
-ventral tegmental area
-hypothalamus
-caudate nuclues
-putamen
-substantia nigra
-global palladus

Question 20

what is the reticular formation responsible for?

Answer 20

-arousal, alertness, wakefulness

Question 21

what is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 21

-detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of the environment,, both the threat and reward eliciting associations

**the amygdala communicates to almost every brain structure but few communicate back

Question 22

what are the main hormones within the brain?

Answer 22

-cortisol
-oxytocin
-testosterone

Question 23

what does cortisol do?

Answer 23

-stress hormone
-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity
-activates during social evaluative threats, relationship conflict, and being interpersonally controlled, devalued, or rejected
-deactivation (destress) occurs during social support

Question 24

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 24

-bonding hormone
-“tend and befriend” stress response
-raises levels of trust in others
-supports maintaining and creating social bonds

Question 25

what does testosterone do?

Answer 25

-steroid hormone
-high competition, status seeking, and sexual motivation