Reeves Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is motivation?
wanting, and a condition in side of us that desires a change in either the environment or self
what would be 13 different reasons you would want to exercise?
- intrinsic motivation (fun/enjoiyment)
- flow (personal challenge)
- external regulation (forced)
- goal
- value (health benefits)
- possible self (inspiration)
- achievement (pursuing excellence)
- competence (
- opponent process (gives emotional kick)
- positive affect
- introjection (alleviate guilt)
- personal control (relieve stress/depression)
- relatedness (hanging out with friends)
motivational science is…
research based, empirical, evidence driven
motivational science isn’t
inspirational/attention getting quotes
what is a theory?
intellectual framework that organizes a vast amount of knowledge about a phenomenon so said phenomenon can be better described, understood, and explained.
a theory needs two things
- to identify relations that exist natually among observable phenomena
- to explain why those relationships exist
what is the function and utility of a good theory
(visual representation in text) reality sparks a theory,, from that theory a hypothesis is born which we then test to confirm the theory. Then from that theory we can come up with recommended applications
what are the two perennial questions?
What causes behavior and why does it vary in intensity?
what are the different subarts to the first perennial question? (What causes behavior?)
-why does behavior start?
- once begun, why does behavior persist over time?
- Why is behavior directed toward some goals, yet away from others?
- Why does behavior change its direction?
- why does behavior stop?
motivations varies within______ as well as between_______
individuals
what are antecedents?
how such differences in individuals arise
what are consequences?
what implications the antecedents hold
the study of motivation concerns…
those internal processes that give behavior its’ energy, direction, and persistence
what is “energy”?
implies that behavior has strength
-hardy
-intense
-resilient
what is “direction”?
implies behavior has purpose
what is “persistence”
implies behavior has endurance
a motive is an internal process that…
energizes direct and sustains behavior
a motive is a common ground for
needs, cognitions and emotions
what are needs?
conditions within the individual that are necessary for maintenance of life, growth, and well being
needs serve the organism by:
1.) generating wants and desires that motivate behaviors that are necessary
2.) generate a deep satisfaction from doing so
what are cognitions?
refer ti nental events like thoughts beliefs, expectations, plans, goals, strategies, appraisals, attributions, and the self-concept
what are emotions?
complex but coordinated feeling-arousal purposive-expressive reactions to the significant events in our lives
what are feelings?
subjective, verbal, descriptions of emotional expereience
what is arousal?
bodily mobilization to cope with with situational demands
what is purpose?
motivational urge to accomplish something specific at that moment
emotions are…
a subset of motivation, and emotions are an adaptive mechanism
what are external events?
environmental, social, and cultural offerings that affect a persons internal motives
examples of environmental external events
money, praise, foul odor, being yelled at
examples of social external events
classroo/workplace environment, social climate
external events are NOT
a direct cause of motivation
what is influence?
the social process by which one requests that the other change their behavior or thought
what is the difference between influence and motivation?
influence is an external process whereas motivation is an internal process
motivation is a ______ and ______ process
private and unobservable
what are the 5 telltale ways to measure motivation?
- behavior
- engagement
- psychophysiology
- brain activations
- self-report
how can behavior be used to measure motivation?
effort, persistence, latency, choice, probability of response, facial expressions and bodily gestures
these express the presence, intensity, and quality of motivation
how can engagement be used to measure motivation?
how effortfully a person is involved during an activity in terms of effort and persistence
what is engagement?
how actively involved a person is in a task
emotional engagement refers to
the presence of positive emotions during task involvement
cognitive engagement refers to
how strategically a person attempts to process information
agentic engagement refers to
the persons proactive and instructive involvement in the flow of the activity
examples of behavioral engagement
-on task behavior
- effort
-persistence
examples of emotional engagement
- persistence of:
-interests
-enjoyment
-enthusiasm - absence of:
- distress
-anger
-anxiety
-frustration
examples of cognitive engagement
-using sophisticated learning strategies
- seeking deeper understanding
-self regulation
examples of agentic engagement
-contributing constructively
- asking questions
- expressing preferences
how do we measure motivation through psychophysiology
as people engage in activity the nervous and endocrine systems release chemicals that lay the groundwork for motivational and emotional states
what is psychophysiology?
the process by which psychological states produce downstream changes in ones physiology
how do brain activations help us measure motivation?
they underlie every motivational and emotional state
how does self report help us measure motivation
ask people questions and let them identify their own emotionalmotivational states through questionairres
***this is probably the least reliable because a lot of times people do not know their true moivations
what are the ten unifying themes
1.motivation and emotion benefit adaptation
2. motivation and emotion direct attention
3. motivation and emotion are intervening variables
4. motives vary over time and influence the ongoing stream of behavior
5. types of motivation exist
6. we are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior
7. motivational study reveals what people want
8. to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions
9. when trying to motivate others, what is easy to do is rarely what works
10. there is nothing as good as a practical theory
life is constantly changing, and humans needs a means to take corrective action to said change
motivation and emotion is said change
what are complex adaptive systems?
what motivation and emotion allow us to be as humans so we can adapt to all of our scenarios
when motivation depletes______,_______, and _________ all suffer
-personal adaptation
- well being
-functioning
how do we decide where to focus our attention
out motivational and emotional states, and environmental events that create motivational states
environmental events, motivations, and emotions all have differing
urgencies
attention is not always allocated…
evenly
why is attention not always allocated evenly?
1.) aroused motives vary in strength, and some states are more attention gettig than others
2.) negative stimuli are more attention getting than positive
environmental event spur
behaviors and motivations and emotions
motivation and emotion intervene/mediate between
environmental events and behavior
example of motivation and emotion as an intervening force
you travel to a new place which sparks the emotion of interest which then motivates you to sightsee
motives strengths…
change over time
people can harbor multiple____ of varying_______
motives,, intensities
it is important to ask how much motivation, but also
what type of motivation is at play
different types of motives have different______ and different ________
antecedents, outcomes
full understanding of human motivation requires
-appreciation for growth oriented, approach based, and flourishing related motivation and emotions ie (interest curiosity, joy, etc.)
-but also appreciation for defense oriented, and avoidance based, and suffering related tendencies. ie (pain, distress, fear, anxiety, etc.)
some motives are easy to verbalize because they have roots in _______, but others are rooted in ______ and we have a harder time verbalizing them
language structure, non-language
what is a cortical emotion
able to communicate
what is a subcortical emotion
not able to communicate
theories of motivation reveal….by…..
what is common within the strivings of all human beings…identifying the commonalities among people from all walks of life
we have both _____engineered but also ________ constructed motivations
biologically, societally
everyone tends to be more motivational when _____ rather than______
patiently and dilligently working with others, ordering otheres around
the golden resouce to explain who someone has motivation is…
a good theory
theories provide..
empirically backed explanations
