Intro to Emotions Flashcards
what is appraisal?
the cognitive process that evaluates the significance of environmental events in terms of wellbeing
appraisals are constantly changing…
emotions, which then change ones environment which then changes appraisals and the cycle continues
4 central beliefs about appraisal and emotion:
1.) without an antecedent cognitive appraisal of an event emotions do not occur
2.) the appraisal, not the event, cause the emotion
3.) emotion is a process
4.)if the appraisal changes, even if the situation does not, the emotion will change
what are the basic emotions
fear: (anxiety,PTSD, Phobias)
anger
disgust
contempt
sadness (depression)
joy
interest
what are the self-conscious emotions
shame
guilt
embarrasment
pride
triumph
what are the cognitively complex emotions? aka cognitively complex
envy
gratitude
disappointment & regret
hope
shadenfreude
empathy
compassion
what are the emotion groups
basic emotions, self-conscious emotions, cognitvely complex emotions, positve emotions, and other oriented emotions
what are the positive emotions?
interest
awe
joy
elevation
hope
pride
gratitude
what is the action tendency for fear?
flee, protect oneself
what is the action tendency for anger?
overcome an obstacle, or right an illegitimate wrong
what is the action tendency for disgust?
reject, get rid of, run away from
what is the action tendency for contempt
maintain social hierarchy
what is the action tendency for sadness?
repair a loss of failure
what is the action tendency for joy
continue ones goal striving, play, engage in social interaction
what is the action tendency for interest?
explore, seek, acquire new info, learn
what is the action tendency for pride?
acquire new skill, persist @ challenging task
what is the action tendency for shame?
restore and protect the self
what is the action tendency for guilt?
make ammends
what is the action tendency for embarrassment?
appease others, communicate blunder
what is the action tendency for envy (benign)
move up, improve ones position
what is the action tendency for gratitude
act prosocially, and grow the relationships
what is the action tendency for regret
undo a poor decision or behavior
what is the action tendency for hope?
keep engaged in the pursuit of a desired goal
what is the action tendency for empathy?
act prosocially, help the other
what is the action tendency for compassion?
reduce suffering
antecedents/causes of fear:
-arises from a persons interpretation that a situation is dangerous and represents a threat to ones well being (anticipates physical, psychological harm)
-the perception that one can do little to cope with the threat is also a very important part of fear
examples of what might elicit fear?
snakes, spiders angry facial expressions, strangers, racial out group members
what biological system does fear typically elicit?
fight or flight
(anger also can motivate this too)
what does fear motivate?
learning new coping skills and responses that help prevent that person from encountering the threat in the first place (advances coping effectiveness)
what is anxiety and how is it different from fear?
also arises from a threat to well being, but unlike fear anxiety does NOT have an identifiable antecedent and also does NOT avance coping effectiveness
what is PTSD and how is it different from fear?
disorder, ally to fear, arises from an experience of extreme danger that elicits intense fear,, usually consists of vivid flashbacks, also does not advance coping effectiveness
categories of phobias?
-interpersonal events and situations
-death, injuries, illlnesses, violent conflict
- animals
-agoraphobic
what are causes or antecedents of anger?
presence of an obstacle to ones pursuit of a goal, so anger prepares that person to overcome that obstacle. Also can arise when a person tries to cause us harm
also can arise when one has encountered an illegitimate wrong
what does anger motivate?
self defense, regulates interactions to defend the self and what belongs to the self
what was the evolutionary purpose of disgust?
prevent the oral ingestion offensive substances,, its purpose is rejection
what does disgust motivate?
get rid of contaminated, soiled, or spoiled object
what are some examples of antecedents of disgust?
food, bodily waste, animals, sexual behaviors, contact with death, violatons of the exterior to the body (blood, gore), poor hygene, contact with unsavory people, and moral offenses
example of a moral disgust?
smoking, incest, infedelity
what is contempt
arises from a sense of moral superiority to another
contempt strongly overlaps with:
disgust
how are contempt and disgust different?
has its own facial expression and antecendents
what is sadness
-arises from a sense of irrevocable loss or failure
what are the impacts of sadness?
-decreased bodily arousal
-inward reflection
what is a beneficial aspect of sadness?
it indirectly facilitates social interaction because sadness is so miserable and it helps to be with loved ones, also motivates future prevention of failure by better preparing
what is depression and how is it different from sadness?
- saddness + rumination =deression
-depression unlike sadness, has few benefits and gives signals that push other away
-when a person experiences emotion over production (experiences anger, sadness, fear, etc. all at the same time)
what are the themes that organize anger, disgust, fear, and sadness?
threat and harm
what is joy?
-brought on by desirable outcomes: success at a task, personal achievement, progress toward a goal, getting what we want, gaining respect, recieving love or affection etc.
-related to personal success and interpersonal relatedness
in what ways are joy and sadness opposite?
when sad we feel lethargic, withdrawn, and turn inward,, but with joy we feel energize, expressive, and social
what is the function of joy?
- facilitates our willingness to engage in social activities
- Preserve psychological well being: “soothing function” makes life pleasant and balances out the negative feelings of life, and undoes negative emotions as well
- boosts creativity
what are some shades of joy?
-amusement (when something is funny)
- wonder (when something is incredible)
-pride (success @ a difficult task)
-contentment (savoring a state of positivity)
-schadenfreude
what is interest:
-interest is not necessarily created or diminished but rather redirected
-environmental novelty sparks interest
(stimulus change, uncertainty, complexities, curiosities, etc.)
interest creates the urge to…
explore, investigate, learn etc.
interest motivates:
environmental engagement,
interest sparked environmental engagement is important because
engagement is often exhausting, but interest led engagement prevents that xhaustion
what are the themes that hold together interest and joy?
motive involvement and satisfaction
what is shame?
associated with feelings of inferioirity, worthlessness, and damaged self image
-arises after the violation of standards associated with morality and competency
-signal that something is wrong with the self
what are some examples where one might feel shame?
-behaving bad while drink (morality)
-laughing inappropriately at a funeral (morality)
-failing a test (competency)
shame motivates:
restoring the self, if restoration is possible than the individual will take restorative action, but if restoration is not possible then the individual will withdraw
what is guilt?
–signals that ones behavior has caused harm, loss, or distress to a relationship partner
-signals that a person needs to make emotional ammends
how are guilt and shame different?
guilt lacks the negative intensity of shame
-focuses on the behaviors and actions of the self rather than the worth of the self
guilt does not turn an individual toward procosial behavior in general but rather…
in specific
what are some guilt generated behaviors?
making ammends, apologizing, confessing, doing anything that requires undoing a harm
guilt often goes hand and hand with
empthy
what causes embarrassment?
After a social blunder has been committed and suggests that the actor may have a sort of personal deficiency
what are some examples of positive embarrasement?
getting an award, being congratulated,
what are the key functions of embarassments
appease the audience, take action to repair the situation, and communicate that the blunder will not happen again
what is pride?
pride in achievements, success, and positive functioning maintain and boosts self esteem,, alerts to the self and others that one in worth of acceptance
expressed through a slight smile, tilting the head back, expanding the chest, raising arms in the air, and makes one appear larger
pride has two facets
pride in ones success promotes achievement behavior, an authenic and heartfelt self esteem,
but, pride can also be associated with narcissm, manipulating others, relationship prblmens, and antisocial behaviors
what is authentic pride?
subjective experiences of accomplishing, achieving, succeeding, feeling confident, feeling productive, and fulfilled,, rooted in internal, unstable and controllable attributions
(pro-social)
at is hubris pride?
subjective experiences of being stuck up, snobbish, stuck up, conceited, arrogant, egotistical, rooted in internal stable and uncontrollable attributions
(anti-socisl)
what is triumph?
the emotional reaction that follows victory in competitive situations
-expressed by outward self expressie behavior, by throwing arms up, mouth open, head back, etc.
displays of triumph communicate
social dominance and
how do dominance and pride differ?
pride reflects a self evaluation, wheras triumph signals dominance and agression, and tension reliease. (closer to hubristic pride)
what are the themes that organize shame, guilt, embarrassment, pride, and hubris?
i the evaluation regarding the self, behavior, and is that evaluation positive or negative?
what is envy?
-caused by the good fortune of others
-arises when one percieves that another has an advantage over them
-generates the goal to level the differenced
what are the two ways envy attempts to leel the difference?
pull self up, or tear other down
benign envy:
generates a moving up motivation,,believes the other person deserved their position,, motivates people to work harder
maliscious envy:
pulling down motivation,, believes the other persons success is undeserved
what is gratitude?
-arises after receiving something of value from another person,, typically ate the cost to the giver
-it is a benefit detector and it signals that the individual has experienced generosity and prosocial behaviro from another
what is the difference between gratitude and indebtedness?
depends on if the recipient focuses on the givers kindness or on the benefir recieved.
kindness; gratitude
benefit; indebtedness
indebtedness also focuses on a a tit for tat type relationship and motivates reciprocity
why is gratitude important?
in enforced generosity and prosocial behavior and motivates beneficiaries to act prosocially, also can motivate upstream generostiy where the beneficiary is motivated to be generous to someone (not the giver)
what is disappointment?
-intrinsic to decision making
-arise from nonoccurence of a desired outcome
-reflection on what might have been
-arises when comparing the actual outcome one got v. an imagined better outcome that may have resulted from the SAME action or choice
what is regret?
-intrinsic to deision making
-arises from the nonoccurrence of desired outcome
-reflection on what mught have been
-arises when a person believes they could have acted differently or made a different choice
ex. the person anticipated passing the test but did not
when the nonoccurence of the positive outcome is attributed only to unfavorable circumstances one experiences disappointment not…
regret
effects of disappointment include…
acceptance of negative outcome, accompanied by feelings of powerlessness, and motivation to action tendencies that revolve around doing nothing.
effects of regret include…
blaming the self, and generating the motivation and action tendendies to everse the self caused negative outcome
what is hope:
-arises with a wish that a desired goal might be attained
-rooted in the desire of an outcome that is important to the person
-need to see seeds of progress to feel hope
what is the function of hope:
encourage persistence and focus on a goal,, counteract negative feelings
what is schadenfreude?
entails taking pleasure at the misfortune of others suffering
-typically arises when the person suffering is disliked, deserves the isfortune, or falls from grace/is immoral. `
what is empathy?
-triggered by another persons emotional state or situational status
-the observer feels what the actor feels
what are the two principle antecedents of empathy?
- mimicry: ones own facial expression, posture, and voice tone change in synchrony to the other persons (mirror neurons)
- perspective taking: imagining oneself in another place
effects of empathy:
heightens closeness towards others, approach bases prosocial behavior
how is empathy different from sadness
sadness is a self focused aversive emotional response to seeing suffering so people are more likely to walk away than when they experience empathy
sadness posesses the egotistical desire to relieve ones distress
what is compassion?
complex emotion, both positive and negative
-positive when it connotes caring and when the focus is on the one being cared for (compassion+empathy)
-negative when the focus is on the distress and suffering one is in (compassion+distress)
