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Motivation and Emotion > Chapter 5 Reeve > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Reeve Flashcards

1
Q

extrinsic motivation arises from…

A

environmental incentives/consequences
ex.) money, praise, attention, stickers, privileges, approval

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2
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

the process by which one learns how to opperate effectively in the environment

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3
Q

who were baldwin and baldwin?

A

came up with the S:R=C model
s-situational cue
r=response
c=consequence

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4
Q

what is an incentive?

A

an environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from a particular course of action

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5
Q

incentives always precede

A

behavior

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6
Q

what are some examples of positive incentives?

A

-smile
-nice smell
-presence of friends
-envelope of $

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7
Q

examples of negative incentives?

A

-a grimace
-a spoiled smell
-presence of enemies
-envelope of junk

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8
Q

the value of an incentive is learned through…

A

experience

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9
Q

what is a reinforcer?

A

any environmental object or event that increases behavior

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10
Q

what is an example of a reinforcer?

A

a paycheck,, you get a paycheck for going to work and that paycheck keeps you coming to work

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11
Q

what are the 6 reasons reinforcers increase behavior?

A
  1. decreases drive
  2. decreases arousal
  3. increases arousal
  4. attractive to the person
  5. feels good
  6. makes it possible to do something fun
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12
Q

what was the orthodontic gear experiment and what does it tell us about reinforcers?

A

children were incentivized to wear their orthodontic gear with reinforcers

  1. reinforcers vary in quality ($ worked better than praise)
  2. the immediacy at which a reinforcer is delivered partly determines its effectiveness (if the child was given the money faster it changed the behavior more than the delayed gratification)
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13
Q

what are the 3 types of consequences?

A

-positive reinforcers
-negative reinforcers
-punishers

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14
Q

what is a positive reinforcer?

A

any environmental stimulus that when present increases future probability of desired behavior
ex.) paycheck, trophy, approval

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15
Q

what is a negative reinforcer?

A

any environmental stimulus that when removed, increases the future probability of desired behavior
ex.) alarm clock, headache meds

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16
Q

what is a reward?

A

any offering from one person to another in exchange for service or achievement

17
Q

what sis a punisher?

A

any environmental stimulus that when present, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior
ex.) criticism , jail time, public ridicule

18
Q

what is response cost?

A

suppresses behavior by imposing the cost of losing something attractive if one is to engage in an undesirable behavior
ex.) parking ticket

19
Q

do punishers work?

A

not really, they have some short term benefits bit some really ugly long term side effects

20
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A

the inherent desire to seek out novelty and challenge, to explore and investigate, and to stretch and extend ones capacities

21
Q

when intrinsically motivated, the task a person completes provides a steady stream of opportunities to feel….

A

autonomous, competent, and related to others

22
Q

what happens when an individual starts to receive an extrinsic reward for an previously intrinsically motivated activity?

A

the extrinsic reward typically undermines the intrinsic motivation

23
Q

what are the intended and unintended effects of extrinsic reward?

A

intended: promote compliance

unintended:
-undermines intrinsic motivation
-interferes with the quality and process of learning
-interferes with the capacity for autonomous self regulation (reward dependency)

24
Q

rewards only decrease intrinsic motivation when the reward is…..

A

expected and tangible

25
Q

what is the cogtinitve evaluation theory?

A

extrinsic motivators function as a means to control behavior but also communicate competence at a tast

asserts all external events have both a controlling and competence based aspect

26
Q

what are the 3 propositions of SCT?

A
  1. external events that offer a choice or have a perceived locus of causality promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation. External events that offer a reward or promote an external locus of causality decrease causality and promote extrinsic motivation
  2. external events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation, whereas events that decrease competence undermine it
  3. the relative salience of if an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines it’s impact on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
27
Q

what are the 4 types of intrinsic motivation?

A
  1. external regulation
  2. introjected regulation
  3. identified regulation
  4. integrated regulation
28
Q

what is external regulation?

A

the presence v. absence of external motivators regulated the rise and fall of motivation
(creates difficulty when beginning a task)

29
Q

what is introjected regulation?

A

the partial or incomplete taking in of outside beliefs or regulation
the individual rewards or punishers herself based on the behavior (I feel proud/I feel guilty)
individual feels a sense of tension or pressure when carrying out the introjeted motivated behavior

30
Q

what is identified regulation?

A

mostly internalized and autonomous extrinsic motivation, the individual voluntarily accepts the external belief or behavior because they view it as important
-the motivation is extrinsic but is freely chosen
ie) exercising or driving an electric car

31
Q

what is integrated regulation?

A

the most autonomous form of extrinsic regulation
the individuals fully transform the identified values or behavior into their sense of self

32
Q

what is internalization?

A

the process by which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (aka a rule) into an internally endorsed one

33
Q

what is socialization/acquisition?

A

“taking in” a value, behavior, or regulation prescribed by others

34
Q

what is integration:

A

further transformation of these internalized values behaviors and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point that they arise/emmanante from the self

the value, behavior, and regulations are generated by the person and not the environment

35
Q

what is explanatory rationale?

A

a verbal explanation as to why putting forth effort during the otherwise boring activity is personally beneficial or important

ex.) a parent explains why we need to rake the leaves so that trick or treaters can come to the front door

36
Q

why is explanatory rationale important?

A

can spark valuing, identified regulation, internalization, and personal acceptance

37
Q

what are interest enhancing strategies?

A

“a boring task doesn’t have to be boring”
ex.) setting a goal, embedding activity in a game, adding stimulation(playing musing)

38
Q

what is amotivation?

A

“without motivation”
when an individual turns passive, gets overwhelmed, or lacks purpose

39
Q

when does an individual typically experience amotivation?

A

when there is a lac of competence, autonomy, and or relatedness

Motivation and Emotion (25 decks)

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