Chapter 5 Reeve Flashcards
extrinsic motivation arises from…
environmental incentives/consequences
ex.) money, praise, attention, stickers, privileges, approval
what is operant conditioning?
the process by which one learns how to opperate effectively in the environment
who were baldwin and baldwin?
came up with the S:R=C model
s-situational cue
r=response
c=consequence
what is an incentive?
an environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from a particular course of action
incentives always precede
behavior
what are some examples of positive incentives?
-smile
-nice smell
-presence of friends
-envelope of $
examples of negative incentives?
-a grimace
-a spoiled smell
-presence of enemies
-envelope of junk
the value of an incentive is learned through…
experience
what is a reinforcer?
any environmental object or event that increases behavior
what is an example of a reinforcer?
a paycheck,, you get a paycheck for going to work and that paycheck keeps you coming to work
what are the 6 reasons reinforcers increase behavior?
- decreases drive
- decreases arousal
- increases arousal
- attractive to the person
- feels good
- makes it possible to do something fun
what was the orthodontic gear experiment and what does it tell us about reinforcers?
children were incentivized to wear their orthodontic gear with reinforcers
- reinforcers vary in quality ($ worked better than praise)
- the immediacy at which a reinforcer is delivered partly determines its effectiveness (if the child was given the money faster it changed the behavior more than the delayed gratification)
what are the 3 types of consequences?
-positive reinforcers
-negative reinforcers
-punishers
what is a positive reinforcer?
any environmental stimulus that when present increases future probability of desired behavior
ex.) paycheck, trophy, approval
what is a negative reinforcer?
any environmental stimulus that when removed, increases the future probability of desired behavior
ex.) alarm clock, headache meds
what is a reward?
any offering from one person to another in exchange for service or achievement
what sis a punisher?
any environmental stimulus that when present, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior
ex.) criticism , jail time, public ridicule
what is response cost?
suppresses behavior by imposing the cost of losing something attractive if one is to engage in an undesirable behavior
ex.) parking ticket
do punishers work?
not really, they have some short term benefits bit some really ugly long term side effects
what is intrinsic motivation?
the inherent desire to seek out novelty and challenge, to explore and investigate, and to stretch and extend ones capacities
when intrinsically motivated, the task a person completes provides a steady stream of opportunities to feel….
autonomous, competent, and related to others
what happens when an individual starts to receive an extrinsic reward for an previously intrinsically motivated activity?
the extrinsic reward typically undermines the intrinsic motivation
what are the intended and unintended effects of extrinsic reward?
intended: promote compliance
unintended:
-undermines intrinsic motivation
-interferes with the quality and process of learning
-interferes with the capacity for autonomous self regulation (reward dependency)
rewards only decrease intrinsic motivation when the reward is…..
expected and tangible
what is the cogtinitve evaluation theory?
extrinsic motivators function as a means to control behavior but also communicate competence at a tast
asserts all external events have both a controlling and competence based aspect
what are the 3 propositions of SCT?
- external events that offer a choice or have a perceived locus of causality promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation. External events that offer a reward or promote an external locus of causality decrease causality and promote extrinsic motivation
- external events that increase perceived competence promote intrinsic motivation, whereas events that decrease competence undermine it
- the relative salience of if an event is mostly controlling or mostly informational determines it’s impact on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
what are the 4 types of intrinsic motivation?
- external regulation
- introjected regulation
- identified regulation
- integrated regulation
what is external regulation?
the presence v. absence of external motivators regulated the rise and fall of motivation
(creates difficulty when beginning a task)
what is introjected regulation?
the partial or incomplete taking in of outside beliefs or regulation
the individual rewards or punishers herself based on the behavior (I feel proud/I feel guilty)
individual feels a sense of tension or pressure when carrying out the introjeted motivated behavior
what is identified regulation?
mostly internalized and autonomous extrinsic motivation, the individual voluntarily accepts the external belief or behavior because they view it as important
-the motivation is extrinsic but is freely chosen
ie) exercising or driving an electric car
what is integrated regulation?
the most autonomous form of extrinsic regulation
the individuals fully transform the identified values or behavior into their sense of self
what is internalization?
the process by which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (aka a rule) into an internally endorsed one
what is socialization/acquisition?
“taking in” a value, behavior, or regulation prescribed by others
what is integration:
further transformation of these internalized values behaviors and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point that they arise/emmanante from the self
the value, behavior, and regulations are generated by the person and not the environment
what is explanatory rationale?
a verbal explanation as to why putting forth effort during the otherwise boring activity is personally beneficial or important
ex.) a parent explains why we need to rake the leaves so that trick or treaters can come to the front door
why is explanatory rationale important?
can spark valuing, identified regulation, internalization, and personal acceptance
what are interest enhancing strategies?
“a boring task doesn’t have to be boring”
ex.) setting a goal, embedding activity in a game, adding stimulation(playing musing)
what is amotivation?
“without motivation”
when an individual turns passive, gets overwhelmed, or lacks purpose
when does an individual typically experience amotivation?
when there is a lac of competence, autonomy, and or relatedness
