Psychological Needs and Self Determination Flashcards
what is extrinsic motivation?
external pressures to do behaviors in order to get or avoid something
what is intrinsic motivation?
doing things because we like to do them, not because anyone made us do it
extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation exist on a…
continuum
why can extrinsic motivation be destructive? (Use grades as an example)
the teacher wants to incentivize you to learn, so they give you grades. But over time students focus too heavly on the external motivator (ie the grades) and this destroys their intrinsic motivation by eliminating deep thinking, problem solving, and perseverance
who was kiki the gorilla and why is she important to this unit?
a gorilla kept in social isolation which created bad behavior, the solution was to create a more natural environment for her to live in. The more natural environment supported her psychological needs
she is a good illustration that the environment we are in can either support or thwart our psychological needs
what are the psychological needs?
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
what is autonomy?
the need for self-direction and personal endorsement of ones behavior
what makes us fee autonomous? (perceived autonomy)
internal locus of causality
volition (feeling free)
perceived choice over ones actions
what are the two motivational styles?
autonomy supportive and controlling
what characterizes the autonomy supportive motivational style?
identifies, nurtures, and develops another persons inner motivational resources
what characterizes the controlling motivational style?
pressuring another person toward compliance with a prescribed way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
what are the 4 essential ways of supporting autonomy?
- nurture inner (v. external) motivational resources
- use informational (v. pressuring) language
- promote valuing (v. neglecting)
- acknowledges and accepts negative affect
what is an example of nurturing inner (v. external motivational resources?
investigating why someone is unmotivated and discover what might motivate them
what is an example of using informationl v. pressuring language
saying “this is why…” rather than “because I said so”
what is an example of promoting valuing rather than neglecting?
explaining the value, worth, meaning, and usefulness of a behavior
what is competence?
the need to be effective in interactions with the environment
what is an example of competence
kids playing with puzzles and problem solving. learning and figuring things out is inherently satisfying
how can kiki the gorilla be used as an example of competence?
when she was moved to a more natural enclosure she had more of an opportunity to interact with a natural environment and thus problem solve, fail, learn, and interact with her environment. she also had access to new and engaging materials
what are the key environmental conditions for involving competence?
- optimal challenge and flow
- structure
- feedback
- failure competence
what is optimal challenge and flow and why are they important for involving competence?
flow: when skills and challenge level are adequately high (in the zone)
optimal challenge just means that there is a good math between skills and challenge
what is structure and why is it important for involving competence
information about pathways to desired outcomes,, and also support and guidance in pursuing these pathways
it is important to know what the desired outcome is and how to get there in order to feel good about success,, if we don’t know what we are supposed to do it is very easy to get frustrated
what is feedback and why is it important for involving competence
performance feedback
it works best when the feedback is regular and clear. it fan be natural or given
it is important to know how you’re doing in order to know if you are competent w something
***feedback can very easily get wrapped up in external motivators
what is failure tolerance?
error making is essential for learning,, failure also produces opportunities for learning
what is relatedness?
the need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people
what is a key way to involve relatedness?
interaction with others
how do interactions with others involve relatedness?
they are emotionally positive interactions and interaction partners
what is a key way of supporting relatedness?
perception of a social bond
how does the perception of a social bond support relatedness?
perceiving that you are cared for, liked, known, and valued, you want to know if the person you are interacting with cares about you and if you can be yourself around them
what are communal v. exchange relationships?
communal: this person is supporting me because they care about me, not because they expect anything
exchange: this person supports me but they expect something in return
how are relatedness and internalization connected?
relatedness promotes internalization
psychological needs motivate…
learning and growth behavior
environments and behavior can be autonomy…
supporting or controlling
supporting the need for competence involves…
optimal challenge, opportunity for failure, and feedback on performance
we can support relatedness by…
having social interactions and caring supportive relationships
what are the different extrinsic motivations on the continuum in order
amotivation
external regulation
introjected regulation
identified regulation
integrated regulation
intrinsic regulation
what are some things that autonomy supportive people say and do?
-listen carefully
-allow others to speak
-provide rationale
- encourage effort
-praise progress
-ask others what they want to do
-respond to questions
-acknowledge the perspective of others
what are some things that controlling people say and do?
-hold/hod learning materials
- show correct answers
-tell correct answers
- speak directives/demands
- should/must type statements
- ask controlling questions
- seem demanding
what are the 4 ways that competence can be supported through positive feedback
-the task itself
- comparisons of ones past performance to ones current performance
- comparisons of ones performance to the performance of others
- evaluations of others performance
what was harters anagram study?
they found that children felt the most competent/enjoyed solving anagrams of moderate difficulty the most. This supports the optimal challenge theory
