Intro to Moti. and Emotion Flashcards
what is motivation?
processes that give behavior its energy, direction, and persistence
energy: is the behavior strong, intense, hardy and resilient?
direction: is it aimed toward a certain goal or outcome
persistence: is the behavior sustained over time and across different situations?
what is the process of motivation?
1.antecedent conditions
2. motive status
a.needs
b. cognitions
c. emotions
3. a sense of “wanting to”,, urge to approach or avoid
4. energizing and directing
a. behavior
b. engagement
c. self-report
what are the motivational themes?
- evolution and adaptation
-biological v. psychological v. social
-positive v. pleasant v. approach - internal (intrinsic) v. external (extrinsic)
-variations across individuals, situations, and time
motivation comes from
a variety of internal motives and externa events
motivation must be inferred from the ….that create changes in….
- antecedent conditions
- behavior, engagement, self reported motivation, and physiological correlates of motivation
what are the 4 measures of motivation?
behavior, engagement, brain and physiology, and self-report
note: these are how we express motivation
what do we look at within behavior to measure motivation?
-effort
-latency
-persistence
-choice
-probability of a response
-facial expressions
-bodily gestures
what do we look at within engagement to measure motivation
(what makes up engagement?)
behavior, emotion, cognition, and agency
what is engaged behavior?
-on task behavior
-effort
-persistence
what are engaged emotions?
-interest
-enjoyment
-low anger
-low frustration
what are engaged cognitions
-sophisticated learning strategies
-focus on understanding
-active self regulation
what is engaged agency?
Being interactive:
-offers suggestions
-makes contributions
-asks questions
what are some types of motivation?
intrinsic motivation (fun)
flow (challenge)
external regulation (forced)
goal
value (personal benefit)
possible self (inspiration)
achievement strivings (pursuit of excellence)
competence (satisfaction of job well done)
opponent process (emotional kick)
positive affect (good mood)
introjection (alleviate guilt)
personal control
relatedness (social)
what is an example of moving through the motivation process?
antecendent condition: you have a really big test coming up
internal motives:
-you have a need for competence
-you have the goal of getting an A in the class
- you feel anxiety and hope about the future exam
you being to want to study for the exam because of you internal motives
behavior: you engage in advanced studying habits, go to office hours, ask questions about the material, etc.
what are needs?
conditions withing the individual that are essential and neccesary for the maintnece of life and for growth and well being
what are some examples of needs?
-hunger
-thirst
- competence
-belongingness
how do needs serve the organism
1.) maintaining life, growth, and well-being
2.) generating a deep sense of satisfaction from maintaining said things
what are cognitions?
mental events: thoughts beliefs expectations, plans, goals, strategies, appraisals, attributions, and self concept
what are emotions?
complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to significant events in our lives
feelings: subjective, verbal descriptions of emotional experience
arousal: bodily mobilization to cope
purpose: motivational urge to accomplish something specific
expression: nonverbal communication of our emotional experience to others
what are some examples of external events?
-money
-being praised
-foul odor
-being yelled at
what are some examples of social contexts
-classroom or workplace climate
-culture
-parenting style
what is effort?
exertion put forth during a task
if you are motivated to write a paper, you will put a lot of effort into it (ie. take your time, get it reviewed, re write, etc.)
what is persistence?
time between when a behavior first starts and when it ends
if you are motivated to workout, you will workout often for long stretches of time
what is latency
duration of time when a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given it
if you are motivated to write a paper, you will begin it right away
what is choice?
when presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of action over the other
if you are motivated to write your paper when you have the ability to write your paper or watch tv you pick the paper
what are facial expressions (in the context of expressing motivation)
facial movements that often indicate emotions or intention
you are motivated to take out the trash because it smells bad and you wrinkle your nose in disgust
what are bodily gesture (in the context of expressing motivation)
gestures such as leaning forward, changing posture, intentionally moving limbs
if you are motivated to do well in lecture you will sit up straight during class
what is psychophysiology?
the process by which psychological states (motivation, emotion) produce changes in ones physiology
(the study of interaction between bodily and mental states)
how is psychophysiology used to express and measure motivation?
when people engage in various activities, the nervous and endocrine systems release chemicals that make changes to the body
example: while public speaking hormones like epinephrine are released into the body and increase heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
what are the 5 psychophysiological expressions of motivation and emotion?
- hormonal activity: chemicals in saliva or blood
- cardiovascular activity: contraction or relaxation of the heart
- ocular activity: eye behavior-pupil size, eye blinks, eve movements
- electrodemal activity: electrical changes on the surface of the skin
- skeletal activity: facial expressions, bodily gestures, shifting weight
what are the 10 unifying themes of motivation and emotion?
1.) motivation and emotion benefit adaptation and functioning
2.) motivation and emotion direct attention
3.) motivation and emotion direct attention
4.) motives vary over time and influence the ongoin stream of behavior
5.) types of motivations exist
6.) we are not always conscioulsy aware of the motivational reasonings behind our behavior
7.) motivation study reverals what people want
8.) to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions
9.) when tying to motivate other, what is easy to do is rarely what works
10.) there is nothing as practical as a good theory.
what is emotion?
short lived, correlated, patterns of physiology, cognition, behavior, and subjectivity that orchestrate how we react to important life events
what is the biological view on emotion?
posits that emotions are caused by a biological core, limited subcortical brian circuts, and emphasized a small number of “basic emotions”
(inner core of the brain, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus)
what are the basic emotions?
happiness/joy, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, sometimes interest
what are the hardwired brain systems in the bio perspective of emotion (Gray 1994)
-behavioral approach system (joy)
readies an organism to interact with attractive environmental opportunities
-fight or flight (anger and fear)
readies an organism to flee or fight in a situation
- inhibition system (anxiety)
readies an organism to freeze in aversive events
what was panksepps theory?
there ar only 7 emotions and they are based on distinct neuroanatomical pathways in the subcortical brain
what was eckmans theory?
posited that humans have facial expressions that correspond to emotions and those facial expressions are universally recognizable and innate
what were plutchik and levensons theory?
emotions serve a separate evolutionary functions that help us survive and reproduce
ex.) lust: helps us reproduce
love: motivates you to keep your kids alive
what is the cognitive perspective of emotion?
believed biology was limited but human perspective isnt. Posits that humans must appraise a situation first before they can react to it. Also posits that emotions are learned experiences and cultural labels
-focuses on complex secondary emotions and cultural emotions
e.x.) we have a very large color gradient but we have a few labels to sort into
the cog. perspective is the gradient and the common colors we have are te biological perspetive
summary: cognitive activity is a necessary prereq to emotion
what was lazarus’ theory?
we appraise situations in relation to their meaning to the regulation of our self
e.x.) how do situations impact our goals and our wellbeing?
what was shavers theory?
not sure yet
what was averills theory?
emotions act as social roles and social scripts
examples of complex (secondary) emotions
shame, guilt, shame, compassion, interest
examples of cultural emotions
hasham: pleasure in shame
amae: feeling of pleasurable dependency
how to we reconcile to two different perspectives of emotion
the two system approach (2 synchronous system)
what is the two system (2 synchronous) approach?
there are two process (one biological one cognitive) working synchronously to activate and regulate emotion
- there are emotion families, and those families have core themes with variations
-there are both primary and secondary emotions
what is the biological pathway of the 2 synch system?
1.) significant stimulus/event
2.) evolutionary and genetic history of the species informs…
3.) subcortical pathways and systems
4.) instant, automatic, and unconscious reactions to the sensory components of the stimulus event
5.) parallel, interactive and coordinated output which activates and regulates our emotion
what is the cognitive pathway of the 2 synch system?
1.) significant stimulus/event
2.) social, cultural, learning history of the individual informs…
3.) cortical structures and pathways
4.) evaluation and interpretation of the meaning and personal significance of the stimulus
5.) parallel, interactive, and coordinated output which activates and regulates our emotion
what are the differences between emotion and mood?
antecedents: emotions emerge from significant life events and appraisals of such, but it is unclear where moods arise from
action specificity: emotion influence behavior and direct specific courses of action, whereas mood influences behavior and direct thoughts
time course: emanate from short lived events, whereas moods emanate from long lived mental events
what are the utilities of emotions?
coping: emotions help solve problems related to our survival and reproduction
social: a.) the primary function of emotions is to help us deal quickly with important interpersonal encounters
b.) emotions are a primary idiom for defining and negotiating social interactions between yourself and the moral order
what are some examples of coping functions of emotion>
-threat>fear>run
-novelty>interest>explore environment
-reproductive possibility>joy>sex
what is the james lange theory?
emotions arise as a result of our body’s physical reactions to stimuli. For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, your racing heart and trembling might lead you to interpret these physical changes as fear.
assumptions:
1.) the body reacts differently to emotion eliciting events
2.) the body does not react to non emotion eliciting events
what are some criticisms of the james lange theory?
physiological systems augment emotion rather than cause it
the contemporary perspectvive believes that physiological arousal accompanies, regulates and sets the stage but does NOT cause it
what is the facial feedback hypothesis?
emotion stems from feelings engendered by:
1. movements of the facial muscles
2. changes in facial temperature
3. changes in glandular activity in the facial skin
eckmans experiement
participants were shown photos of expressions of fear, joy, anger, happiness, and disgust and then asked what corresponded to differing emotions
what is the chicken and egg description of emotion?
posited by Robert Plutchik
explains that rather than explaining emotion as being caused by biological or cognitive factors, it is instead a circular process that turns into a complex feedback system
believed emotion could be influenced by any one part in the feedback loopwhat
what are the steps in the feedbac loop of emotion?
- always begins with a significant life event
- cognition
- overt behavioral activity
- expressive displays
- feelings
- preparation for action
7 arousal (then start over or go bacwards) - always ends with emotion
eckman believed all basic emotions exhibit…
- a distinct facial expression
- a distinct pattern of physiology
- automatic appraisal
- distinct antecedent cause
- inevitable activation
- presence in other primates
- rapidonset
- brief duration
- distinct feeling state
- distinct cognition
eckamans basic emotions
anger, surprise, fear, sadness, joy, disgust, contempt
what do biological theorists like eckman say about more complex secondary emotiosn
- some emotions are an experience based derivative of fear (ex. anxiety is a derivative of fear)
- many emotion terms better describe moods (irritation)
- many emotion terms better describe attitudes (hatred)
- many emotion terms better describe personality (hostile)
- many emotion terms better descripe disorders (depression)
- some emotions are blends of basic emotions (romantic love is a blend of joy, interest, and sex drive)
- many emotion terms refer to only one aspect of a basic emotion (ex. what elicits the emotion,, homesickness elicits sadness) or the behavior of an emotion (agger is associated with aggression_)
izards 7 criteria of a basic emotion
- present at birth or emerges during infancy
- very quick cognitive activation (automatic)
- derived from evolutionary processes
- features unique feeling state
- unique facial expression
- unique function
- unique motivational force important to survival or well being
emotions help solve social problems by:
- communicating our feelings to others
- influincing how others interact with us
- invite, smooth, and facilitate social interaction
- create, maintain, and dissolve relationships
what are the emotion regulation strategies?
- situational selection
- situationmodification
- attentional focus
- reappraisal
- suppression
what is situational selection?
deciding what to do, where to go, who to be with in order to manipulate if you’ll be more or less likely to encounter an emotion
ex.) if I go to the party itll make me sad, so I just wont go
what is situational modification?
How we interact within an already occurring situation to make certain emotions more or less likely
ex.) you encounter a bully and you can either start throwing punches or try to appease them,, both will have differing emotional outcomes
what is attentional focus?
redirecting attention while in an already occurring situation
ex.) you are waiting in line at the dentists office and you are scrolling your phone to prevent getting frustrated
what is reappraisal?
changing how one looks at a situation in order to modify their subsequent emotional response
ex.) we can take a tragic turn of events (cancer diagnosis) and turn reappraise them as a blessing in disguise
what is suppression?
mostly involves do nots, and trying to suppress an emotion or a bodily activation
ex.) someone makes a politically incorrect joke and you have to suppress the laughter, tell yourself to not laugh
6 questions regarding emotion?
-what is an emotion : (4 parts)
- what causes an emotion: (bio v. cognitive)
- how many emotions are there? : (basic v. complex)
- can we control our emotions?: (regulation strategies
- what good are the emotions (coping and social functions)
- what is the difference between emotion and mood? (valence and arousal)
what is the weak version of the FFH?
exaggerated and suppressed facial expressions augment and attenuate naturally occurring emotion
what is the strong version of the FFH?
posed facial expressions activate specific emotions
