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Motivation and Emotion > Intro to Moti. and Emotion > Flashcards

Intro to Moti. and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is motivation?

A

processes that give behavior its energy, direction, and persistence

energy: is the behavior strong, intense, hardy and resilient?
direction: is it aimed toward a certain goal or outcome
persistence: is the behavior sustained over time and across different situations?

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2
Q

what is the process of motivation?

A

1.antecedent conditions
2. motive status
a.needs
b. cognitions
c. emotions
3. a sense of “wanting to”,, urge to approach or avoid
4. energizing and directing
a. behavior
b. engagement
c. self-report

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3
Q

what are the motivational themes?

A
  • evolution and adaptation
    -biological v. psychological v. social
    -positive v. pleasant v. approach
  • internal (intrinsic) v. external (extrinsic)
    -variations across individuals, situations, and time
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4
Q

motivation comes from

A

a variety of internal motives and externa events

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5
Q

motivation must be inferred from the ….that create changes in….

A
  1. antecedent conditions
  2. behavior, engagement, self reported motivation, and physiological correlates of motivation
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6
Q

what are the 4 measures of motivation?

A

behavior, engagement, brain and physiology, and self-report

note: these are how we express motivation

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7
Q

what do we look at within behavior to measure motivation?

A

-effort
-latency
-persistence
-choice
-probability of a response
-facial expressions
-bodily gestures

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8
Q

what do we look at within engagement to measure motivation
(what makes up engagement?)

A

behavior, emotion, cognition, and agency

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9
Q

what is engaged behavior?

A

-on task behavior
-effort
-persistence

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10
Q

what are engaged emotions?

A

-interest
-enjoyment
-low anger
-low frustration

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11
Q

what are engaged cognitions

A

-sophisticated learning strategies
-focus on understanding
-active self regulation

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12
Q

what is engaged agency?

A

Being interactive:
-offers suggestions
-makes contributions
-asks questions

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13
Q

what are some types of motivation?

A

intrinsic motivation (fun)
flow (challenge)
external regulation (forced)
goal
value (personal benefit)
possible self (inspiration)
achievement strivings (pursuit of excellence)
competence (satisfaction of job well done)
opponent process (emotional kick)
positive affect (good mood)
introjection (alleviate guilt)
personal control
relatedness (social)

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14
Q

what is an example of moving through the motivation process?

A

antecendent condition: you have a really big test coming up

internal motives:
-you have a need for competence
-you have the goal of getting an A in the class
- you feel anxiety and hope about the future exam

you being to want to study for the exam because of you internal motives

behavior: you engage in advanced studying habits, go to office hours, ask questions about the material, etc.

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15
Q

what are needs?

A

conditions withing the individual that are essential and neccesary for the maintnece of life and for growth and well being

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16
Q

what are some examples of needs?

A

-hunger
-thirst
- competence
-belongingness

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17
Q

how do needs serve the organism

A

1.) maintaining life, growth, and well-being
2.) generating a deep sense of satisfaction from maintaining said things

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18
Q

what are cognitions?

A

mental events: thoughts beliefs expectations, plans, goals, strategies, appraisals, attributions, and self concept

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19
Q

what are emotions?

A

complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to significant events in our lives

feelings: subjective, verbal descriptions of emotional experience
arousal: bodily mobilization to cope
purpose: motivational urge to accomplish something specific
expression: nonverbal communication of our emotional experience to others

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20
Q

what are some examples of external events?

A

-money
-being praised

-foul odor
-being yelled at

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21
Q

what are some examples of social contexts

A

-classroom or workplace climate
-culture
-parenting style

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22
Q

what is effort?

A

exertion put forth during a task

if you are motivated to write a paper, you will put a lot of effort into it (ie. take your time, get it reviewed, re write, etc.)

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23
Q

what is persistence?

A

time between when a behavior first starts and when it ends

if you are motivated to workout, you will workout often for long stretches of time

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24
Q

what is latency

A

duration of time when a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given it

if you are motivated to write a paper, you will begin it right away

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25
Q

what is choice?

A

when presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of action over the other

if you are motivated to write your paper when you have the ability to write your paper or watch tv you pick the paper

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26
Q

what are facial expressions (in the context of expressing motivation)

A

facial movements that often indicate emotions or intention

you are motivated to take out the trash because it smells bad and you wrinkle your nose in disgust

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27
Q

what are bodily gesture (in the context of expressing motivation)

A

gestures such as leaning forward, changing posture, intentionally moving limbs

if you are motivated to do well in lecture you will sit up straight during class

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28
Q

what is psychophysiology?

A

the process by which psychological states (motivation, emotion) produce changes in ones physiology

(the study of interaction between bodily and mental states)

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29
Q

how is psychophysiology used to express and measure motivation?

A

when people engage in various activities, the nervous and endocrine systems release chemicals that make changes to the body

example: while public speaking hormones like epinephrine are released into the body and increase heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

30
Q

what are the 5 psychophysiological expressions of motivation and emotion?

A
  1. hormonal activity: chemicals in saliva or blood
  2. cardiovascular activity: contraction or relaxation of the heart
  3. ocular activity: eye behavior-pupil size, eye blinks, eve movements
  4. electrodemal activity: electrical changes on the surface of the skin
  5. skeletal activity: facial expressions, bodily gestures, shifting weight
31
Q

what are the 10 unifying themes of motivation and emotion?

A

1.) motivation and emotion benefit adaptation and functioning

2.) motivation and emotion direct attention

3.) motivation and emotion direct attention

4.) motives vary over time and influence the ongoin stream of behavior

5.) types of motivations exist

6.) we are not always conscioulsy aware of the motivational reasonings behind our behavior

7.) motivation study reverals what people want

8.) to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions

9.) when tying to motivate other, what is easy to do is rarely what works

10.) there is nothing as practical as a good theory.

32
Q

what is emotion?

A

short lived, correlated, patterns of physiology, cognition, behavior, and subjectivity that orchestrate how we react to important life events

33
Q

what is the biological view on emotion?

A

posits that emotions are caused by a biological core, limited subcortical brian circuts, and emphasized a small number of “basic emotions”

(inner core of the brain, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus)

34
Q

what are the basic emotions?

A

happiness/joy, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, sometimes interest

35
Q

what are the hardwired brain systems in the bio perspective of emotion (Gray 1994)

A

-behavioral approach system (joy)
readies an organism to interact with attractive environmental opportunities

-fight or flight (anger and fear)
readies an organism to flee or fight in a situation

  • inhibition system (anxiety)
    readies an organism to freeze in aversive events
36
Q

what was panksepps theory?

A

there ar only 7 emotions and they are based on distinct neuroanatomical pathways in the subcortical brain

37
Q

what was eckmans theory?

A

posited that humans have facial expressions that correspond to emotions and those facial expressions are universally recognizable and innate

38
Q

what were plutchik and levensons theory?

A

emotions serve a separate evolutionary functions that help us survive and reproduce

ex.) lust: helps us reproduce
love: motivates you to keep your kids alive

39
Q

what is the cognitive perspective of emotion?

A

believed biology was limited but human perspective isnt. Posits that humans must appraise a situation first before they can react to it. Also posits that emotions are learned experiences and cultural labels

-focuses on complex secondary emotions and cultural emotions

e.x.) we have a very large color gradient but we have a few labels to sort into
the cog. perspective is the gradient and the common colors we have are te biological perspetive

summary: cognitive activity is a necessary prereq to emotion

40
Q

what was lazarus’ theory?

A

we appraise situations in relation to their meaning to the regulation of our self
e.x.) how do situations impact our goals and our wellbeing?

41
Q

what was shavers theory?

A

not sure yet

42
Q

what was averills theory?

A

emotions act as social roles and social scripts

43
Q

examples of complex (secondary) emotions

A

shame, guilt, shame, compassion, interest

44
Q

examples of cultural emotions

A

hasham: pleasure in shame
amae: feeling of pleasurable dependency

45
Q

how to we reconcile to two different perspectives of emotion

A

the two system approach (2 synchronous system)

46
Q

what is the two system (2 synchronous) approach?

A

there are two process (one biological one cognitive) working synchronously to activate and regulate emotion
- there are emotion families, and those families have core themes with variations
-there are both primary and secondary emotions

47
Q

what is the biological pathway of the 2 synch system?

A

1.) significant stimulus/event
2.) evolutionary and genetic history of the species informs…
3.) subcortical pathways and systems
4.) instant, automatic, and unconscious reactions to the sensory components of the stimulus event
5.) parallel, interactive and coordinated output which activates and regulates our emotion

48
Q

what is the cognitive pathway of the 2 synch system?

A

1.) significant stimulus/event
2.) social, cultural, learning history of the individual informs…
3.) cortical structures and pathways
4.) evaluation and interpretation of the meaning and personal significance of the stimulus
5.) parallel, interactive, and coordinated output which activates and regulates our emotion

49
Q

what are the differences between emotion and mood?

A

antecedents: emotions emerge from significant life events and appraisals of such, but it is unclear where moods arise from

action specificity: emotion influence behavior and direct specific courses of action, whereas mood influences behavior and direct thoughts

time course: emanate from short lived events, whereas moods emanate from long lived mental events

50
Q

what are the utilities of emotions?

A

coping: emotions help solve problems related to our survival and reproduction
social: a.) the primary function of emotions is to help us deal quickly with important interpersonal encounters
b.) emotions are a primary idiom for defining and negotiating social interactions between yourself and the moral order

51
Q

what are some examples of coping functions of emotion>

A

-threat>fear>run
-novelty>interest>explore environment
-reproductive possibility>joy>sex

52
Q

what is the james lange theory?

A

emotions arise as a result of our body’s physical reactions to stimuli. For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, your racing heart and trembling might lead you to interpret these physical changes as fear.

assumptions:
1.) the body reacts differently to emotion eliciting events
2.) the body does not react to non emotion eliciting events

53
Q

what are some criticisms of the james lange theory?

A

physiological systems augment emotion rather than cause it

the contemporary perspectvive believes that physiological arousal accompanies, regulates and sets the stage but does NOT cause it

54
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

emotion stems from feelings engendered by:
1. movements of the facial muscles
2. changes in facial temperature
3. changes in glandular activity in the facial skin

55
Q

eckmans experiement

A

participants were shown photos of expressions of fear, joy, anger, happiness, and disgust and then asked what corresponded to differing emotions

56
Q

what is the chicken and egg description of emotion?

A

posited by Robert Plutchik

explains that rather than explaining emotion as being caused by biological or cognitive factors, it is instead a circular process that turns into a complex feedback system

believed emotion could be influenced by any one part in the feedback loopwhat

57
Q

what are the steps in the feedbac loop of emotion?

A
  1. always begins with a significant life event
  2. cognition
  3. overt behavioral activity
  4. expressive displays
  5. feelings
  6. preparation for action
    7 arousal (then start over or go bacwards)
  7. always ends with emotion
58
Q

eckman believed all basic emotions exhibit…

A
  1. a distinct facial expression
  2. a distinct pattern of physiology
  3. automatic appraisal
  4. distinct antecedent cause
  5. inevitable activation
  6. presence in other primates
  7. rapidonset
  8. brief duration
  9. distinct feeling state
  10. distinct cognition
59
Q

eckamans basic emotions

A

anger, surprise, fear, sadness, joy, disgust, contempt

60
Q

what do biological theorists like eckman say about more complex secondary emotiosn

A
  1. some emotions are an experience based derivative of fear (ex. anxiety is a derivative of fear)
  2. many emotion terms better describe moods (irritation)
  3. many emotion terms better describe attitudes (hatred)
  4. many emotion terms better describe personality (hostile)
  5. many emotion terms better descripe disorders (depression)
  6. some emotions are blends of basic emotions (romantic love is a blend of joy, interest, and sex drive)
  7. many emotion terms refer to only one aspect of a basic emotion (ex. what elicits the emotion,, homesickness elicits sadness) or the behavior of an emotion (agger is associated with aggression_)
61
Q

izards 7 criteria of a basic emotion

A
  1. present at birth or emerges during infancy
  2. very quick cognitive activation (automatic)
  3. derived from evolutionary processes
  4. features unique feeling state
  5. unique facial expression
  6. unique function
  7. unique motivational force important to survival or well being
62
Q

emotions help solve social problems by:

A
  1. communicating our feelings to others
  2. influincing how others interact with us
  3. invite, smooth, and facilitate social interaction
  4. create, maintain, and dissolve relationships
63
Q

what are the emotion regulation strategies?

A
  1. situational selection
  2. situationmodification
  3. attentional focus
  4. reappraisal
  5. suppression
64
Q

what is situational selection?

A

deciding what to do, where to go, who to be with in order to manipulate if you’ll be more or less likely to encounter an emotion
ex.) if I go to the party itll make me sad, so I just wont go

65
Q

what is situational modification?

A

How we interact within an already occurring situation to make certain emotions more or less likely

ex.) you encounter a bully and you can either start throwing punches or try to appease them,, both will have differing emotional outcomes

66
Q

what is attentional focus?

A

redirecting attention while in an already occurring situation

ex.) you are waiting in line at the dentists office and you are scrolling your phone to prevent getting frustrated

67
Q

what is reappraisal?

A

changing how one looks at a situation in order to modify their subsequent emotional response

ex.) we can take a tragic turn of events (cancer diagnosis) and turn reappraise them as a blessing in disguise

68
Q

what is suppression?

A

mostly involves do nots, and trying to suppress an emotion or a bodily activation

ex.) someone makes a politically incorrect joke and you have to suppress the laughter, tell yourself to not laugh

69
Q

6 questions regarding emotion?

A

-what is an emotion : (4 parts)
- what causes an emotion: (bio v. cognitive)
- how many emotions are there? : (basic v. complex)
- can we control our emotions?: (regulation strategies
- what good are the emotions (coping and social functions)
- what is the difference between emotion and mood? (valence and arousal)

70
Q

what is the weak version of the FFH?

A

exaggerated and suppressed facial expressions augment and attenuate naturally occurring emotion

71
Q

what is the strong version of the FFH?

A

posed facial expressions activate specific emotions

Motivation and Emotion (25 decks)

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