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Neuroscience > Receptors > Flashcards

Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What brain structure is required to perceive sensation?

A
  • The cerebral cortex
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2
Q

How can afferent information control movement?

A
  • Flexor reflexes
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3
Q

How does afferent information maintain arousal?

A
  • Sensory information acts on the reticular formation to send stimuli to the cerebral cortex
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4
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Transducer that changes physical and chemical stimuli into electrical nerve impulses

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5
Q

What are the 4 receptor stimulus qualities?

A
  • Modality
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Location
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6
Q

What is modality?

A
  • A labelled line code/ type of stimulus

i. e. vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

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7
Q

What is intensity?

A

Frequency of stimulus

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8
Q

What is duration?

A

Relationship between stimulus intensity, and percieved intensity.

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9
Q

What is location?

A

The location of the receptor (Where it resides, and what type of discharges)

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10
Q

What 3 factors influence modalities and qualities of sensory receptors?

A
  • Temporal and spatial patterns of activation
  • Specificity of sensory endings
  • Central connections (Where does the receptor project to in the CNS?; Brain has different areas for different types of signals)
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11
Q

What is meant by temporal activation?

A

How fast is the stimulus firing.

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12
Q

What is meant by spatial activation?

A

How many stimuli are present over the given tissue area.

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13
Q

What is meant by “labeled line”?

A
  • Certain receptors primarily respond to a certain type of stimuli
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14
Q

What are the 5 major sensory modalities?

A
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Somatic
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15
Q

What are examples of sub-modalities of vision?

A
  • Color

- Motion

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16
Q

What are examples of submodalities of hearing?

A
  • Pitch
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17
Q

What are examples of sub-modalities of smell?

A

The over 20 different types of odor

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18
Q

What are examples of sub-modalities of taste?

A
  • Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, “umami”
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19
Q

What are examples of sub-modalities of somatic sense?

A
  • Touch-pressure
  • Warm-cold
  • Flutter-vibration
  • Pain
  • Itch
  • Tickle
  • Position and movement senses
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20
Q

How is a higher amplitude stimulus interpreted by a sensory receptor? What is this called?

A
  • A more intense stimulus leads to a higher rate of action potentials (all the same amplitude, but more frequent)
  • Can be stimulated temporally or spatially
  • Called rate coding
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21
Q

What is a topographic/ (somatotopic) map?

A

Specific areas of the brain correspond to specific areas on the body

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22
Q

What are the 3 anatomic classifications of sensory receptors?

A
  • Exteroceptor
  • Proprioceptor
  • Interoceptor
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23
Q

Where are exteroceptors located?

A
  • On external body surfaces in the cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue
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24
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A
  • In tendons, joints, ligaments, and fascia/ deep tissue
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25
Q

Where are interoceptors located?

A
  • On autonomic structures such as glands and organs
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26
Q

What qualities of sensation are received by exteroreceptors?

A
  • Think of where they are located
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Smell
  • Vision
  • Hearing
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27
Q

What qualities of sensory input are received by proprioceptors?

A
  • Position sense

- Movement sense

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28
Q

What qualities of sensory input are recieved by interoceptors?

A
  • Digestion
  • Excretion
  • Circulation
  • Respiration
  • Taste
  • Pain
  • Visceral sensations
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29
Q

What are the 6 physiologic classifications of sensory receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Pain receptors
  • Nociceptors
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30
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptation?

A
  • Slow adaptation

- Fast adaptation

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31
Q

What is the novel stimulus of a mechanoreceptor?

A
  • Physical or mechanical stimuli
32
Q

What is the novel stimulus of a thermoreceptor?

A
  • Temperature
33
Q

What is the novel stimulus of a photoreceptor?

A
  • Light
34
Q

What is the novel stimulus of a nociceptor?

A
  • Tissue damage
35
Q

What is the difference between a fast and slow adapting receptor?

A
  • A rapid adapting fiber quickly returns to a “base level”, and then spikes again when the stimulus is removed
  • A slowly adapting fiber takes longer to return to base state of excitation, and doesn’t respond to a removal of stimulus
36
Q

Which receptors are more for timing detection?

A

Fast adapting

37
Q

Which receptors are more for spatial detection?

A

Slow adapting

38
Q

Are large receptive field neurons found in areas of high or low sensitivity?

A
  • Found in areas of low sensitivity
39
Q

Are small receptive field neurons found in areas of high or low sensitivity?

A
  • Areas of high sensitivity
40
Q

Second order neurons create a larger receptive field using information from what?

A
  • The convergence of several 1st order receptor neurons
41
Q

How is 2 point discrimination explains using receptive fields?

A

Each point must be in a separate receptive field to be discriminated.

42
Q

What does it mean if a receptor is encapsulated?

A
  • It is covered in connective tissue
43
Q

What are 2 types of non-encapsulated mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Free nerve endings (for pain, thermo, and chemo)

- Hair follices (touch)

44
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanoreceptor for touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

45
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanoreceptor for temperature/ cold?

A

Krause’s End Bulbs

46
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanoreceptor for kinesthetic sense/ pressure?

A

Ruffini End Organs

47
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanorecept for Touch and Vibration?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

48
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanoreceptor for stretch?

A

Muscle spindle

49
Q

What is the name of the encapsulated mechanoreceptor for tension?

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

50
Q

Where are Ruffini Endings located?

A

Only within the glabrous dermis and subcutaneous tissue of humans.

51
Q

What are Ruffini Endings particularly sensitive to, and what is their theorized main function?

A
  • Sensitive to skin stretch, and though to contribute to kinesthetic sense and control of finger position and movement.
52
Q

Are Ruffini Endings rapidly or slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Slowly

53
Q

Do Ruffini Endings have large or small receptive fields?

A

Large

54
Q

What are Meissner’s Corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Light touvh

55
Q

Where are Meissner’s Corpuscles located?

A
  • Just beneath the epidermi throughout the skin, but concentrated in fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, face, and other areas that are especially sensitive to touch
56
Q

Are Meissner’s Corpuscles rapdily or slowly adaptive mechanoreceptors?

A

Rapidly (Sensation is always changing)

57
Q

Do Meissner’s Corpuscles have large or small receptive fields?

A

Small.

58
Q

Why are Pacinian corpuscles the most studied receptor?

A

Because they are so large

59
Q

What are Pacinian Corpuscles sensitive to?

A
  • Deep pressure
  • Touch
  • High frequency vibration
60
Q

What makes up the capsule of the Pacinian Corpuscles?

A

20 - 60 layers of concentric lamellae composed of fibrous connective tissue, fibroblasts, and separated by gelatinous material.

61
Q

What are the lamellae of the Pacinian Corpuscles?

A

Very thin, flat, modified, Schwann Cells

62
Q

Where are Pacinian Corpuscles found?

A

In deep subcutaneous tissue

63
Q

Are Pacinian Corpuscles rapidly or slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Rapidly adapting

64
Q

Do Pacinian Corpuscles have a large or small receptive field? What is special about its field?

A

Large receptive field with an especially sensitive center

65
Q

How large is a Pacinian Corpuscle?

A

1 mm

66
Q

What are Merkel Nerve Endings sensitive to?

A
  • Touch

- PRESSURE and TEXTURE

67
Q

Where are Merkel Nerve Endings located?

A
  • In the superficial skin layers

- Clustered beneath ridges of fingertips that make up finger tips

68
Q

What frequency vibration are Merkel Nerve endings especially sensitive to?

A

5 - 15 Hz

69
Q

Are Merkel Nerve Endings rapidly or slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Slowly

70
Q

Do Merkel Nerve Endings have large or small receptive fields?

A

Small

71
Q

How many Merkel Nerve Endings may one affterent nerve fiber innervate?

A

Up to 90

72
Q

What is the most abundant receptor?

A

Free nerve endings

73
Q

Where are free nerve endings located?

A

In skin

- Penetrate epidermis and end in the stratum granulosum

74
Q

Are free nerve endings rapidly or slow adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

Can be either, or intermediate

A5 are rapidly, and C are slowly

75
Q

What are free nerve endings sensitive to?

A
  • Temperature
  • Mechanical stimuli
  • Pain
76
Q

Since free nerve endings are sensitive to different types of pain, what is it termed?

A

Polymodal

77
Q

Are free nerve endings always encapsulated?

A

No.

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