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Neuroscience > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the middle of the cerebellum called?

A

The vermis

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2
Q

What are the lateral masses of the cerebellum called?

A

The hemispheres

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3
Q

From what structures embryologically does the cerebellum develop from?

A

The alar plates of the neurotube

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4
Q

What type of disorders result from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Disruption of normal movement

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5
Q

How are lesions to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex different in terms of symptoms?

A

Movements are disrupted, not abolished

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6
Q

What are the 4 symptoms caused by a lesion to the cerebellum?

A
  • Hypotonia
  • Inability to walk or stand
  • Ataxia
  • Intension tremor and terminal tremor
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7
Q

What is loss of the ability to maintain a steady limb or body posture?

A

Astasia

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8
Q

What is loss of the ability to maintain an upright stance against gravity?

A

Abasia

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9
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Abnormal execution of multi-joint voluntary movements

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10
Q

What are intension tremors?

A

Begin to shake when beginning movements

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11
Q

What are terminal tremors?

A

Shaking at ends of movements

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12
Q

Does the cerebellum connect to lower motor neurons?

A

No, it synapses on centers that control LMN such as cortex, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, etc…

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13
Q

What does the cerebellum regulate?

A

The force and timing of motor activities

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14
Q

What type of learning is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Motor learning

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15
Q

What level of consciousness does the cerebellum function at?

A

Subconcious

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16
Q

How does the cerebellum help muscle interplay?

A

Smooths interaction between agonists and antagonists

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17
Q

What type of posture does the cerebellum help to maintain? What system does it work in conjunction with in maintaining this type of posture?

A
  • Upright posture

- Vestibular system

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18
Q

How does the cerebellum regulate movements and posture?

A

Adjusts output of major descending systems of the brain

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19
Q

Describe how the cerebellum adjusts movements in a feedforward manner?

A
  • Compares movement intention with performance

- Integrates current state of motor system with the internally generated commands to PREDICT future state

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20
Q

How can the cerebellum be changed?

A
  • Experience

- Practice makes perfect

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21
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Archicerebellum/ vestibulocerebellum
  • Paleocerebellum/ Spinocerebellum
  • Corticocerebellum/ Pontocerebellum/ Neocerebellum
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22
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Coordinates head and eye movement

- Coordinates equilibrium of the body/ maintains balance

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23
Q

What are the 5 afferents of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Vestibular system
  • Vestibular apparatus
  • Superior colliculus
  • Lateral geniculate
  • Striate cortex
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24
Q

What are the 2 efferents of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Vestibular nuclei

- Reticular formation

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25
Q

What is the oldest functional division of the cerebellum phylogenetically?

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum
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26
Q

What type of animals did the vestibulocerebellum originally develop in? What is the implication for its function?

A
  • Water dwelling animals

- All that was required was an upright posture

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27
Q

What structures make up the paleocerebellum/ spinocerebellum?

A
  • Vermis

- Intermediate areas of hemispheres

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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of the paleo/spinocerebellum?

A
  • Execution of ongoing limb movements

- Regulation of muscle tone

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29
Q

What portions of the descending motor system are controlled by the paleo/ spinocerebellum?

A
  • Medial and lateral components
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30
Q

How is the cerebellum somatotopically arranged?

A

Vermis (proximal and axial musculature)

Hemispheres (spinocerebellar and reticulocerebellar tracts)

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31
Q

What afferent information is processed in the vermis of the paleo/ spinocerebellum?

A
  • Visual
  • Hearing
  • Vestibular
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32
Q

What afferent tracts are processed in the hemispheres of the paleo/ spinocerebellum?

A
  • Spinocerebellar

- Reticulocerebellar

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33
Q

What are the efferent fibers of the paleo/ spinocerebellum?

A
  • Brain stem motor nucleus such as red nucleus or reticular formation
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34
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cortico/ponto/neocerebellum?

A
  • Planning/ PREPARATION and initiation of movements
  • Learning and storage
  • Precision in control of rapid movements and fine dexterity
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35
Q

What is the afferent tract of the cortico/ ponto/ neocerebellum?

A

Pontocerebellar tract

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36
Q

What is the efferent tract of the cortico/ ponto/ neocerebellum?

A
  • Dentothalamic fibers (cerebellothalamocortical fibers)
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37
Q

What is the function of the motor loop through the lateral cerebellum?

A
  • Execution of planned, voluntary, multijoint movements
38
Q

What tract makes up the projection from the pons to the cerebellum that is involved in the motor loop through the lateral cerebellum?

A

Corticopontocerebellar

39
Q

How many times larger is the corticopontocerebellar tract than the pyradmidal tract?

A

20 times

40
Q

What two cerebellar nuclei are involved in motor execution?

A
  • Fastigial nucleus

- Interposed nucleus

41
Q

In what structure are the fastigial and interposed nuclei found?

A

The vermis of the cerebellum

42
Q

What cerebellar nucleus is involved in motor planning?

A

Dentate nucleus

43
Q

Which cerebellar nucleus is related to motor execution of the medial descending musculature?

A

Fastigial nucleus

44
Q

Which cerebellar nucleus is related to motor execution of the lateral descending musculature?

A

Interposed nucleus.

45
Q

What nuclei are responsible for coordination of balance and eye movements?

A

Vestibular nuclei

46
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum receives input from the vestibular system?

A

The vestibulocerebellum, and the vermis

47
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum receives input from spinal and trigeminal inputs?

A
  • Spinocerebellum (medial portion/ intermediate hemisphere)
48
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum receives input from the visual and auditory systems?

A

Middle of vermis

49
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum receives input from the corticopontine systems?

A
  • Lateral hemispheres
50
Q

What is the lobe on the inferior aspect of the cerebellum?

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe
51
Q

What descending musculature does the vestibulocerebellar cerebellum innervate?

A

Medial/ proximal/ axial

52
Q

What is the overall pathway from afferent to efferent output through the spinocerebellar pathway?

A
  • Spinal cord afferents to spinocerebellum
  • Vestigial nucleus to controlling areas
  • Ventral medial system activated for proximal and axial musculature (????) (slide 13)
53
Q

Describe the corticocerebellar pathway from the cerebral hemispheres back to the motor cortex.

A
  • Corticopontine tracts project to the internal capsule
  • Cortico pontine continue through the inferior the inferior colliculus to pontine nuclei in the mid pons
  • Pontine nuclei in the mid pons project to the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle/ pontocerebellar projection
  • Pontocerebellar projections synapse on the posterior lobe complex of the lateral the contralateral cerebellum
  • Cerebellar nuclei project through superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Cross at decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (???)
  • Project to the motor cortex

(This is all guesswork from the picture)

54
Q

What are the 2 excitatory fibers to the purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • Mossy fibers

- Climbing fibers

55
Q

From what do the mossy fibers originate from?

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Pontine nuclei
  • Vestibular ganglia and nuclei
  • Reticular formation nuclei
56
Q

What cell do mossy fibers synapse on?

A

Granule cells and directly on deep cerebellar nuclei

57
Q

What is the name of the fiber of the granule cell that rulls along the moelcular layer of the cortex?

A

Parallel fiber

58
Q

What do parallel fibers of granule cells synapse on?

A
  • Purkinje cells
  • Basket cells
  • Stellate cells
  • Golgi cells
59
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is released by basket, stellate, and golgi cells? What is its effect?

A
  • GABA

- Inhibitory effect

60
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Output cells from the cerebellar cortex

61
Q

From where do climbing fibers originate?

A

Exclusively the inferior olivary nucleus

62
Q

What do climbing fibers synapse on?

A
  • Dendrites of purkinje cells

- Collateral to deep cerebellar nuclei

63
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by climbing fibers? What is the effect?

A
  • Glutamate or aspartate

- Excitatory response

64
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by Purkinje cells? What structures does this affect?

A
  • GABA

Inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei

65
Q

What structures do efferent fibers of the deep cerebellar nuclei project to?

A
  • Inferior olive
  • Reticular formation
  • Vestibular nuclei
  • Red nucleus
  • Thalamus
66
Q

What does the recurrent collateral from the deep cerebellar nuclei project to?

A

Granule cells in granular layer.

67
Q

What is the ratio of climbing fibers to purkinje cells?

A

1:1

68
Q

What portion of the cerebellum processes forward models of motor command?

A

Neocerebellum

69
Q

Describe the forward model of motor command.

A
  • Cerebellum receives copy of efferent motor commands from the cortex through the corticopontocerebellar tract (mossy fibers) to granule cells, which send collateral to cerebellar nuclei, which generate predictions
  • The cerebellar nuclei send signals to the inferior olive to generate an error signal to update plastic microcircuits
  • Excitatory connections send expected outcome information to the primary motor cortex
70
Q

What is the function of the forward model of motor command?

A
  • Increases time and accuracy of simple motor tasks

- Contributes to proper execution of complex motor tasks (comprehension and awareness of sequences over time)

71
Q

See slide 17 for homunculus

A

See slide 17 for homunculus

72
Q

What 2 structures process information from the sensory association cortex to plan and program movement for the premotor cortex?

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebro-cerebellum
    (There are also direct connections from the sensory association cortex)
73
Q

What structures have an influence on the output of the motor cortex?

A
  • Spino-cerebellum

- Pre-motor cortex

74
Q

Describe the interplay between the motor cortex and spino-cerebellum.

A
  • Motor cortex sends collaterals to spinocerebellum, which is also receiving feedback from the body
  • The spinocerebellum sends back efferents to the motor cortex
75
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is the most commonly injured?

A
  • The vestibulo cerebellum
76
Q

What are symptoms of a vestibulo cerebellum lesion?

A
  • Ataxia of gait and/ or upright posture
  • Wide base of support
  • Pathological nystagmus
77
Q

What type of environment causes some of the effects of a vestibulo cerebellum lesion to be lessened?

A

Gravity eliminated environment

78
Q

What are symptoms of a spinocerebellum lesion?

A
  • Hypotonia throughout th ebody

- Titubation (staggering when trying to walk)

79
Q

What causes the hypotonia associated with a spinocerebellar lesion?

A
  • Decrease in gamma motor neuron drive
80
Q

What causes the titubation associated with a spinocerebellar lesion?

A
  • Ataxia of axial and proximal muscles
81
Q

What portions of the cerebellum are typically damaged when titubation is present?

A

Vermis and intermediate zones

82
Q

How does gravity affect titubation?

A

It doesn’t

83
Q

Is titubation usually worse in upper or lower extremities?

A

LE

84
Q

What is the overall effect of lesions to the corticocerebellum?

A
  • Delays in initiation and termination of movements

- Disordered temporal and spatial coordination of multiple joints

85
Q

What type of tremor may occur in a corticocerebellar lesion?

A

Intention tremor

86
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia? (caused by corticocerebellar lesion)

A
  • Inability to perform quick alternating movements
87
Q

What is decomposition of movement? (caused by corticocerebellar lesion)

A
  • Not bracing proximal joints
88
Q

How is speech affected by corticocerebellar lesions?

A
  • Rhythm and flow of movement causes slurred speech and broken syllables
  • Dysarthria due to vermis control of facial muscle loss
89
Q

What is dysmetria? (caused by corticocerebellar lesion)

A
  • Errors in range and force of movements

- Overshooting and undershooting

90
Q

What is dyssynergia? (caused by corticocerebellar lesion)

A
  • Break down of symmetry across multiple joints during movement

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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