Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the polarity of a cell refer to?

A

The number of poles (denrites and axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which polarity is commonly found in neurons?

A
  • Multipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which neuron is commonly found in specialized sensory systems?

A
  • Bipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which neuron is commonly found in general senses?

A
  • Pseudounipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is a pseudounipolar neuron identified?

A

It is a specialized bipolar neuron in which the axon can bypass the cell body for faster propagation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are neurons classified according to axon length?

A
  • Golgi I (long)

- Golgi II (short)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do Golgi I neurons connect?

A
  • One subsystem to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do Golgi II neurons connect?

A
  • Neurons within the same subsystem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are segmental Golgi II neurons?

A
  • Project to the same segment (1 - 3 segments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are associative Golgi II neurons?

A
  • Project ipsilaterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are commissural Golgi II neurons?

A
  • Project contralaterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What propriospinal Golgi II neurons?

A
  • Project to other spinal column segments ( 5 - 10 - 15 segments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What function do propriospinal Golgi II neurons perform?

A
  • Motor reflex functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are tract cells?

A
  • Golgi I neurons that only reside in the CNS
  • Cells contain same information, and respond to the same modalities
  • Form tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which type of Golgi neuron is an interneuron?

A

Golgi II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an afferent neuron?

A
  • Arriving to point of reference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an efferent neuron?

A
  • Exiting point of reference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of neuron is typically sensory?

A
  • Afferent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of neuron is typically motor?

A
  • Efferent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an excitatory neuron?

A
  • Causes an action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an inhibitory neuron?

A
  • Prevents an action, or makes it more difficult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a modulatory neuron?

A
  • Nervous system influences a structure or environment that makes the target neuron harder or easier to fire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does it mean if a neuron has tonic/ regular spiking?

A
  • The neuron is constantly firing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does it mean if a neuron is phasic/ busting?

A
  • Neurons fire in bursts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does it mean if a neuron is fast spiking?

A
  • It has fast firing rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are thin spike neurons?

A

I don’t know ???????????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are cholinergic neurons?

A

Neurons that release acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are cholinergic neurons’ function?

A
  • Primary stimulator to muscles

- Inhibitor of parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are GABAergic neurons?

A
  • Primary inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are glutamatergic neurons?

A
  • Excitatory neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are dopaminergic neurons?

A
  • Excitatory neurons that release dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are serotonin releasing neurons?

A
  • Excitatory neurons that release serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the non-neural cells of the CNS and PNS?

A
  • Neuroglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

By how much do glia cells outnumber neurons?

A

5 - 50: 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What percentage of the total CNS is comprised of glia cells?

A
  • 40 %
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the glia cells?

A
  • Development
  • Support
  • Nurture: (What nutrients the nuerons will and won’t receive)
  • Maintenance of relatively constant environment (nutrition, and impulse conduction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the most abundant neuroglia?

A
  • Astrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of neuron do astrocytes resemble?

A
  • Multipolar cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes found?

A

In white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes found?

A

In gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What astrocytes that are found on the outside of blood vessels called?

A
  • Perivascular glia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where are oligodendroglia found?

A

Within the white matter of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do oligodendroglia produce?

A

Myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What tissue do microglia originate from?

A
  • Mesoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What type of cells do microglia replace in the CNS?

A
  • White blood cells
46
Q

How do microglia arrive in the nervous system?

A

Through the blood

47
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Neural epithelial derivative cells that line the ventricles.

48
Q

What are the origin cells of the neuroglia?

A
  • Spongioblasts
49
Q

How many cell layers are there in the ependymal layer?

A
  • One
50
Q

What is the out-pocketing of the ependymal layer, and what is its function?

A
  • The Choroid Plexus

- Produces CSF

51
Q

What is the origin of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Blood (it is a filtrate of blood)
52
Q

What are the 2 components of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • Tight endothelial layer

- Psedopodia/ astrocytes plug holes

53
Q

What cells produce myelin in the periphery?

A
  • Schwann Cells
54
Q

What cells are analogous to astroglia in the periphery?

A
  • Satellite glia
55
Q

What are the perineural glia?

A
  • Add structure to peripheral nervous system
56
Q

What is a Gliosis?

A
  • Proliferation of astrocytes that form plaques and scars that form barriers in the nervous system
57
Q

Describe an axospinous synapse.

A

Axon synapses with spine of dendrite

58
Q

Describe an axodendritic synapse.

A

Axon synapses with dendrite

59
Q

Describe an axosomatic synapse.

A

Axon synapses with cell body

60
Q

Describe an axoaxonic synapse.

A

Axon synapses with axon

61
Q

Describe a chain synapse.

A

Axon synapses with multiple axons

62
Q

Describe an en passant synapse.

A

Synapse occurs along path of neuron (not at end-plate)

63
Q

What is an electrical junction?

A
  • A gap junction that conducts fast due to no neurotransmitter being required to activate
64
Q

What is an iontotropic receptor?

A
  • Actional potential hits synapses and relases neurotransmitter, which opens gate, sodium flows in, and an action potential occurs
65
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A
  • Neurotransmitter causes a morphological change, and a channel is activated via a secondary transmitter
66
Q

How is a neuron that originates in the spinal cord, but then has an axon that travels into the periphery myelinated?

A
  • The axon is myelinated by oligodendroglia in the spinal cord, and by schwann cells in the periphery.
67
Q

What is the branch of an axon called?

A

A collateral

68
Q

Which protective layers of the spinal cord continue on into the peripheral nerve?

A

The dura and arachnoid mater.

69
Q

Which protective layer lines the spinal cord directly?

A

Pia mater

70
Q

Name the 3 protective sheaths of the spinal nerves.

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

71
Q

Which protective coating of the peripheral nerves covers a fascile?

A

Perineurium

72
Q

What is a fascile?

A

A collection of axons

73
Q

What is the protective coating that lines each individual axon?

A

Endoneurium

74
Q

What is the protective coating that lines collections of fasciles?

A

Epineurium

75
Q

What is the epifascicular epineurium?

A

Epineurium that surrounds the entire nerve.

76
Q

What is the inferfascicular epineurium?

A

Epineurium that holds all the fasciles together.

77
Q

What are the 3 functions of interfascicular epineurium?

A
  • Loose attachment to epifascicular epineurium allows for the sliding of one fascile over another
  • Helps facilitate dispersion of compressive forces
  • Gives nerve structure
78
Q

What type of collagen makes up the perineurium?

A
  • Type I and Type II
79
Q

How is the collagen of the perineurium oriented?

A
  • In oblique, longitudinal, and circumferential directions
80
Q

How many cell layers thick is the perineurium?

A

-Up to 15 cell layers thick

81
Q

What is the primary function of the perineurium?

A

Antiloading shearing responses/ mechanical strength

82
Q

What function does the perineurium provide in the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier

83
Q

What is the composition of endoneurium? (What is it made up of? What is it orientation?)

A
  • Loose CT of type I and II; longitudinally oriented between axons
  • Basal lamina made up of type IV collagen
84
Q

How are nerves supplied blood?

A
  • Vessels run longitudinally along the perineurium and periodically enter epineurium
  • Divide into arterioles that form an anastomatic netowrk in epineurium and perineurium
  • Vessels enter endoneurium and travel longitudinally as capillaries

Termed: Epineurial, perineurial, and endoneurial arteries

85
Q

Describe the relationship between unmylelinated nerves and schwann cells.

A
  • One schwann cell’s cytoplasm will surround many different axons like sticks and a ballon
86
Q

What is the continues layer formed by multiple schwann cells surrounding a nerve?

A
  • Neurolemma
87
Q

Are myelinated or unmyelinated fibers more common?

A

Umyelinated

88
Q

Are myelinated or unmyelinated fibers larger?

A

Myelinated

89
Q

What is a mesaxon?

A
  • Gap in the outer cytoplasm of the schwann cell caused by the axon
90
Q

How do myelinated fibers differ form unmyelinated fibers in the periphery?

A

1 schwann cell: 1 axon

Schwann cell wraps around axon forming a thick fatty covering

91
Q

What is a node?

A

The gap between myelin sheaths

92
Q

What is an internode?

A

The area of myelination

93
Q

How do myelinated axons different in the CNS compared to the PNS?

A
  • There is no neurolemme
  • There is not a 1:1 relationship
  • One oligodendroglia provides myelin to many axons
94
Q

Why can the CNS not regenerate as well as the PNS?

A
  • There is no neurolemma sheath to guide axon regeneration
95
Q

What is the first classification of nerve fibers?

A
  • General: Distributed throughout the body

- Special: Restricted throughout the body

96
Q

What is the second classification of nerve fibers?

A
  • Visceral: Autonomic/ brachial arches

- Somatic: Somites, body, skin, muscles, joints

97
Q

What is the third classification of nerve fibers?

A
  • Afferent: Sensory (Received by spinal cord)

- Efferent: Motor (Sent from spinal cord)

98
Q

What are the 4 anatomic functional types of cranial and spinal nerves?

A
  • General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
  • General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
  • General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
  • General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
99
Q

What anatomic functional type of nerve provides conscious sensation (pain, temperature, touch, proprioception)?

A
  • General Somatic Afferent
100
Q

What anatomic functional type of nerve provides visceral sensation? (Pain from ischemia, blood pressure, etc.)

A
  • General Visceral Afferent
101
Q

What anatomic functional type of nerve provides autonomic motor drive to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands (parasympathetic, sympathetic - preganglionic and postganglionic fibers)?

A
  • General Visercal Efferent
102
Q

What anatomic functional type of nerve provides voluntary motor drive to skeletal muscle (derived from myotomes)?

A
  • General somatic efferent
103
Q

What is the explanation for referred pain in terms of a functional anatomical perspective?

A
  • Visceral and somatic afferent fibers travel the same pathways, and can activate the same sensory neurons as somatic fibers
104
Q

What are the only spinal/ cranial nerves that do not have all 4 components?

A
  • Cutaneous nerves
105
Q

What are the 3 anatomic functional components unique to cranial nerves?

A
  • Special Visceral Efferent
  • Special Visceral Afferent
  • Special Somatic Afferent
106
Q

Which anatomic functional component provides visceral sensations of taste and smell?

A

Special Visceral Afferent

107
Q

Which anatomic functional component provides somatic sensations of vision, hearing, and equilibrium?

A

Special Somatic Afferent

108
Q

Which anatomic functional component provides voluntary motor drive to skeletal muscle (derived from the branchiomeres)?

A

Special Visceral Efferent

109
Q

What is the name of the general nerve classification based on size and speed of conduction?

A

Erlanger - Gasser

110
Q

What is the name of the sensory root nerve classification?

A

Lloyd - Hunt

Neuroscience (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions