Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 functions does the hypothalamus regulate in concern to homestasis?

A
  • Autonomic
  • Endocrine
  • Behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

From what parts of the body does the hypothalamus receive sensory signals?

A
  • All parts (vision, olifactory, somatosensory, etc….)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the hypothalamus use the sensory signals it receives to assess homeostasis?

A

Compares levels with set biological check points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can the hypothalamus control blood pressure and electrolyte balance with behavior?

A
  • Drinking water

- Intake of salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can the hypothalamus regulate body temperature through the ANS?

A

Shivering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can the hypothalamus control energy metabolism?

A
  • Feeding
  • Digestion
  • Metabolic rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can the hypothalamus control reproduction?

A

Behavior: Sexual drive
Hormones: Pregnanct, lactation, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the hypothalamus receives information from the periphery about an imbalance that can be solved hormonally, how does it get that message to peripheral glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus produce releasing or inhibiting factors
  • These factors are secreted into a portal system into the pituitary gland
  • Adenohypophysis produces and stores secondary releasing factors
  • Secondary releasing factors reach the peripheral glands which promote their own hormones for systemic circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the only 2 hormones not produced via the adenohypophyseal system?

A
  • Oxytocin

- Antidiruetic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

By what type of system are oxytocin and ADH released to systemic circulation?

A

Neurohypophyseal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the release of oxytocin and ADH by neurohypophyseal systems?

A
  • Hypothalamus produces the hormones
  • Hormones travel by axoplasmic flow via the hypohypophseal tract to the neurophypophysis in the posterior pituitary gland
  • When needed, action potentials cause the release of the hormone into systemic circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which portion of the ANS do posterior aspects of the hypothalamus correspond to?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which portion of the ANS do anterior aspects of the hypothalamus correspond to?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which portion of the hypothalamus inhibits the other portion of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior inhibits posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

By what tract does the hypothalamus reach the frontal lobe and limbic system, affecting behavior?

A

Mammilothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structure separates the medial and lateral groups of the hypothalamus?

A

The columns of the fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do the medial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus correspond to one another?

A

They serve the opposite functions.

For example)

Arousal vs Sleep
Rage vs Docility

etc..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 portions of the medial nuclear group?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an important nucleus in the anterior medial group related to biological rhythms?

A
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus (drives circadian rhythms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the hypothesis for hypothalamic regulation of body fat and food consumption called?

A

Lipostatic hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the lipstatic hypothesis.

A
  • Body weight has a stable baseline (if animal is starved, it gains back weight after it is fed, and vice versa)
  • Leptin regulates body mass, decreases appetite, and increases energy expenditure
  • When leptin is depleted, the adaptive responses to fight starvation are activated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is the lateral hypothalamus or the ventromedial hypothalamus responsible for feeding drive? Which is responsible for inhibition?

A

Drive: Lateral hypothalamus
Inhibition: Ventromedial hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 ways to stimulate eating?

A
  • Excite feeding center

- Damage/ disinhibit inhibitory center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the arcuate nucleus respond to elevated leptin levels?

A
  • Release alpha-MSH and CART peptides, which diminish appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the arcuate nucleus located?

A

On the base of the 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What 3 areas does the arcuate nucleus project to to inhibit appetite?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus
  • Intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord
  • Lateral hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What effect do decreased leptin levels have on the arcuate neurons?

A

Release NPY and AgRP, which increase appetite through the 3 methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which ANS is stimulated when leptin is low?

A

Parasympathetic to stimulate feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do the orexigenic (feeding peptides) increase appetite?

A

Inhibit secretion of TSH and ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How long do hormonal processes of the hypothalamus take to have effect?

A

Days/ weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What peptide neurotransmitter informs the cortex about leptin levels?

A

MCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What behavior affects the motivation to eat?

A
  • When you ate your last meal

- How big it was

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the interplay between the desire for food (orexigenic signals), food consumption, and hormonal/ chemical satiety signals.

A
  • Food consumption begins when orexigenic signals are greatest,
  • Food consumption continues slightly after satiety signals have begun to climb, and they climb even higher after food consumption has commenced
  • Satiety signals then drop as orexigenic signals begin to climb again

(Dr. A says eat, and then WAIT before seconds to allow you satiety signals to catch up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 3 phases of appetite, eating, disgestion, and satiety?

A
  • Cepahlic
  • Gastric
  • Substrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 3 signals of satiety?

A
  • Gastric distension
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the “liking” conception of why we eat?

A

Hedonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the “wanting” conception of why we eat?

A

Drive reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the “electrical stimulation” conception of why we eat?

A

Sites of electrical stimulation related to hunger drive

40
Q

What neurotransmitter was found in the axons found to be related to hunger in the ventral tegmental area of the forebrain?

A

Dopamine!

41
Q

In dopamine-depleted animals, what effect does it have on their hunger?

A

Animals enjoy food when they eat it, but do not have the motivation to seek it out

42
Q

When do serotonin levels rise in relation to food?

A

When it is seen or smelled.

43
Q

When do serotonin levels spike in relation to food?

A

During eating

44
Q

When are serotonin levels low in relation to food?

A

After food has been absorbed

45
Q

Why may antidepressant drugs be used to stimulate hunger?

A

SSRIs make more serotonin available

46
Q

What 2 metabolic reasons may provide drinking motivation to the individual?

A
  • Low blood volume

- Hypertonicity/ high concentration of substances in the blood

47
Q

What hormone is released in response to a low blood volume?

A

ADH

48
Q

What organ is responses to changes in blood volume? Why?

A

The Subfomical organ is responsive to changes in blood volume signal from the kidneys because it doesn’t have a blood brain barrier

49
Q

Where are chemo/ mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in blood volume/ pressure?

A

In the aortic arch

50
Q

What is osmometric thirst?

A

Hypertonicity induced thirst

51
Q

What organ is plays a role in osmometric thirst?

A

The OVLT

52
Q

Where is the OVLT found?

A
  • In the hypothalamus (lamina terminalis)
53
Q

Does the OVLT have a blood brain barrier?

A

No

54
Q

How does the OVLT stimulate thirst?

A
  • Releases thirst stimulating hormones via magnocellular neurosecretory cells
55
Q

What areas of the hypothalamus are related to thirst, and which inhibit thirst?

A

Lateral: Thirst
Medial: Inhibitory

56
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Not enough ADH is released in response to thirst

- Lateral areas are stimulate, but the fluid is secreted through urine

57
Q

What temperature does the hypothalamus try to keep the body?

A

98.6 F, 37 C

58
Q

Where are the neurons for temperature homeostasis located in the hypothalamus?

A

Clustered anteriorly

59
Q

Where are the humoral and visceromotor responses to body temperature homeostasis located?

A

medial preoptic area

60
Q

Where are the neurons for somatic motor (behavioral) responses located for temperature homeostasis?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

61
Q

What is the visceromotor response to a fall in temperature?

A

Goosebumps

62
Q

What is the involuntary somatic motor response to a fall in temperature?

A
  • Shivering

- Seeking warmth

63
Q

What is the humoral response to rises in temperature?

A
  • TSH release slowed
64
Q

What is the ANS response to thirst?

A

Sympathetic activity

65
Q

What is the ANS response to decreasing body temperature? Increase?

A

Decrease: Parasympathetic activity
Increase: Sympathetic activity

66
Q

What is sleep?

A
  • Easily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and reaction with environment
67
Q

What area in the thalamus can “switch” an individual from wakefulness to sleep? How is this accomplished?

A
  • Pre-optic area

- Inhibits brain stem and other area neurons that maintain arousal

68
Q

What area controls is influenced by light-dark cycles in relation to sleep?

A
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
69
Q

What types of brain waves are exhibited by a wakeful individual? What is the frequency?

A

Alpha waves
- 8 - 12 Hz
Beta waves
- 12 - 30 Hz

70
Q

How long is one sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

71
Q 
What percent of sleep in spent in:
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
Stage 4:
Stage 5:
A 
Stage 1: 4 - 5 %
Stage 2: 45 - 55 %
Stage 3: 4 - 6 %
Stage 4: 12 - 15 %
Stage 5: 20 - 25 %
72
Q

Which stage of sleep contains REM?

A

Stage 5

73
Q

What is the lightest stage of sleep?

A

Stage 1

74
Q

At what stage does deep sleep begin?

A

Stage 3

75
Q

What stage contains theta waves with sleep spindles (rapid frequency waves) and K complexes (high amplitude spikes)?

A

Stage 2

76
Q

What stage contains high amplitude, synchronus delta waves?

A

Stage 4

77
Q

What stage contains synchronus theta waves?

A

Stage 1

78
Q

What stage displays similar brain activity to an awake individual?

A

Stage 5

79
Q

Why is REM termed paradoxal sleep?

A

Deepest sleep, but brain looks like it is awake

80
Q

What chemicals inhibit REM sleep?

A

NE and serotonin in brain stem

81
Q

What chemical promotes REM sleep?

A

ACh in brain stem

82
Q

What area of the hypothalamus “turns on” REM sleep?

A

Pre-optic

83
Q

What portion of the hypothalamus inhibits REM sleep? (what chemical also)

A

Lateral hypothalamus (orexin)

84
Q

What condition is precipitated by an inability to control orexin?

A

Narcolepsy

85
Q

What related condition affects 70 % of people with narcolepsy?

A

Cataplexy:

- Transient episode of loss of muscle tone with full concious awareness

86
Q

What stages of sleep become shorter as you progress through each 90 minute progression?

A

Stages 2 - 4

87
Q

What is meant by synchronous?

A
  • High amplitude, but low frequency
88
Q

How are sleep stages progressed in terms of synchrocy?

A

Each stages becomes more synchronus

89
Q

What is meant by desynchronous?

A

Low amplitude, but high frequency

90
Q

What are 4 indications that the body is in a very deep sleep during REM sleep?

A
  • Profound muscle relaxation
  • Alterations in BP
  • Altered pulse rate
  • Altered respiration
91
Q

How is the sensory thalamus altered in an awake vs asleep state?

A

Awake: Facilitated
Asleep: Inhibited

92
Q

How is the reticular nucleus altered in an awake vs asleep state?

A

Awake: Inhibited
Asleep: Facilitated

93
Q

How are thalamocortical neurons altered in an awake vs asleep state?

A

Awake: Active
Asleep: Slow rhythm

94
Q

How is EEG altered in an awake vs asleep state?

A

Awake: Desynchronous
Asleep: Synchronus

95
Q

How is the ACh system altered in awake vs asleep state?

A

Awake: Active
Asleep: Inactive, except for tegmental area in BS

Neuroscience (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions