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Neuroscience > Motor Cortex > Flashcards

Motor Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What area makes up M1?

A

4

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2
Q

What is the difference between M1-4p, and M1-4a?

A

M1-4a relies on sensory feedback

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3
Q

Which M1 area is responsible for initiation of movements/

A

M1-4p

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4
Q

What M1 area can be activated by imagining movements or listening to speech?

A

M1-4a

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5
Q

What results from lesions to M1?

A

Contralateral UMNL

- Weakness

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6
Q

What is the organization of M1?

A
  • Arranged in columns related to movement and muscles acting on single joints
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7
Q

What 2 factors are determined by M1?

A

Force (frequency of firing)

Duration

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8
Q

How is direction determined by M1?

A

Algebriac summation of all possible trajectories being generated by the cortex

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9
Q

How are the sensory and motor humunculi different?

A

Motor has smaller lips

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10
Q

What tract predominantly originates from M1?

A

Corticospinal

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11
Q

What gyrus is M1 found on?

A

Precentral

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12
Q

From what lobe does the pre-motor area receive most of its afferents?

A

The parietal lobe

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13
Q

What triggers movements in the pre-motor area?

A

External sensory information

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14
Q

What does the PMA project to?

A
  • Motor cortex

- Brainstem via ventral medial system

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15
Q

What are the 2 portions of the PMA?

A

Lateral dorsal

Lateral ventral

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16
Q

Is the lateral dorsal PMA related to reaching or grasping? The lateral ventral?

A

Lateral dorsal: Reaching

Lateral ventral: Grasping

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17
Q

What is meant by the associative learning that occurs in the lateral dorsal PMA?

A
  • Associate sensory events with a motor output
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18
Q

What occurs with a lesion to the lateral dorsal PMA?

A

Difficulty with associative learning

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19
Q

What area of M1 is the lateral ventral PMA connected with?

A

The hand area

20
Q

What are mirror neurons? Where are they found?

A
  • Found in lateral ventral area of PMA

- Activate during observation of action

21
Q

What type of learning occurs in the lateral ventral PMA?

A
  • Higher order, abstract representations of goal oriented actions/ motor learning
22
Q

What will occur with a lesion to the lateral ventral PMA?

A
  • Can’t grasp as well
23
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area (M2)?

A
  • Plans complex movements
  • Coordinates movements between both hands
  • Integrates learned sequences from memory
24
Q

Are motor commands initiated autonomously or by sensory input in M2?

A

Autonomously

25
Q

What effects will a lesion to M2 have?

A
  • Can’t orient digits and hands when reaching
  • Can’t use hands together
  • Can’t make postural adjustments during movement
26
Q

What is the function of the pre-supplementary motor area?

A
  • Semantic processing
27
Q

What structures does the pre-supplementary motor area connect to?

A
  • Caudate

- Frontal cortex

28
Q

How do the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal cord connect in the motor circuit?

A
  • Basal ganglia provides reward system
  • Cerebellum removes errors
  • Cerebrum initiates movements
  • Cerebellum gets a copy
  • Command goes to spinal cord
29
Q

What are the 6 executive functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Planning ahead
  • Monitoring
  • Sustained attention
  • Goal directed behavior
  • Working memory
  • Problem solving
30
Q

What areas form the “What” pathway of the prefrontal cortex?

A

44, 45, 47, 12

31
Q

What areas for the “Where/ How” pathway of the prefrontal cortex?

A

8, 9, 4, 6

32
Q

Is the “What” pathway of the prefrontal cortex ventral or dosal? The “where” pathway?

A

What: Dorsal
Where: Ventral

33
Q

What 3 functions are performed by the prefrontal lateral dorsal complex?

A
  • Spatial relationships between stimuli
  • Working memory
  • Planning ahead
34
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex?

A
  • Characterizes stimuli in envrionment
  • Selects/ retrieves semantic/ linguistic knowledge
  • Inhibits rumination over problems to help with attention
35
Q

What does the left side of the prefrontal lateral ventral complex do?

A

Control attention through distractions

36
Q

What does the right side of the prefrontal lateral ventral complex do?

A

Vigilance

37
Q

What chemical activates the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex?

A

Dopamine

38
Q

What lobe does the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex work with?

A

Temporal

39
Q

What is the function of the oribitofrontal cortex?

A

Regulates emotions

40
Q

What are inputs to the OFC? What system generates these inputs?

A
  • Fear
  • Hunger
  • Thrist
  • Love
  • Envy
  • Generated by limbic system
41
Q

What are outputs of the OFC?

A
  • Behavior

- Physiological response

42
Q

What are symptoms associated with lesions to the OFC?

A
  • Inappropriate behavior/ emotions
  • Impulsive
  • Unprovoked emotions
  • Lack of initiative
  • Unable to plan or correct behaviors
  • Inability to read emotions or non-verbals
43
Q

What 2 senses related to the reward system stimulate the OFC?

A
  • Smell

- Taste

44
Q

What structures send signals to the OFC?

A
  • Sensory systems
  • Postcentral gyrus
  • Limbic system
45
Q

What effect to pain and pleasure have on the OFC?

A

Activation

46
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Emotion formation and processing
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Links response to pain
  • Regulates aggression

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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