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Neuroscience > Basal Ganglion > Flashcards

Basal Ganglion Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 histologically similar structures make up the striatum?

A
  • Caudate nucleus

- Putamen

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2
Q

What is the function of the striatum?

A

Motor control

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3
Q

What 2 structures make up the globus pallidus?

A
  • Internal/ external globus palldius
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4
Q

What is the efferent limb of the basal ganglion?

A

Globus pallidus

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5
Q

What is the afferent limb of the basal ganglion?

A

Striatum

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6
Q

What structures make up the lenticular nucleus?

A
  • Putamen

- Globus pallidus

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7
Q

What substance is produced in the substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine

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8
Q

What 2 structures make up the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus?

A
  • Pars compacta (PPPNc)

- Pars dissipata (PPPNd)

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is utilized in the pars compacta?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter is utilized in the pars dissipata?

A

Gluatamte

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11
Q

What functions does the peduncolopontine tegmental nucleus play?

A

Postural control and locomotion in the absence of dopamine

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12
Q

What does the ventral tegmental area synthesize?

A

Dopamine

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13
Q

What chemicals influence the ventral tegmental area? What receptors do they act on?

A

Endorphins act on opiate receptors

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14
Q

What structure does the ventral tegmental area’s axons project to?

A

The Nucleus Accumbens

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15
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters are balanced by the nucleus accumbens? What is the function of each in the “reward circuit”?

A

Dopamine: Desire
Serotonin: Safety and inhibition

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16
Q

Which cortex acts as a relay in the reward circuit?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglion?

A

Smooths integration of emotions, thoughts, and physical movements

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18
Q

What is the “Action Selection Hypothesis”?

A
  • Basal ganglion determines which of the potential actions generated by the cerebrum will be acted upon with dopamine acting as the reward system to influence future actions
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19
Q

What is the function of the direct pathway?

A

Promotes execution of correct execution and sequencing of motor command

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20
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathway?

A

Suppresses commands of movements opposing the correct movement, and turns down motor groups when it is not their turn in the sequence of events

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21
Q

Describe the direct pathway.

A
  • Cortex facilitates the inhibitory neurons of the striatum
  • Striatum inhibits the inhibitory neurons of the internal/ medial globus pallidus
  • Thalamus disinhibited by striatums action of IGO
  • Thalamus stimulates the motor cortex
  • Motor cortex simulates contralateral lower motor neuron
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22
Q

What is the overall effect of the direct pathway?

A

Motor thalamus disinhibited, facilitating the motor cortex

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23
Q

How does the internal globus pallidus reach the VA-VL motor nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Via the Ansa lenticularis nad lenticular fasciculus

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24
Q

How does the motor cortex reach the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Via the lateral corticospinal tract

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25
Q

Describe the indirect pathway.

A
  • Cortex stimulates inhibitory neurons of the striatum
  • Striatum inhibits the inhibitory neurons of the external globus pallidus
  • Subthalamic nucleus is disinhibited by the striatum acting on the EGP
  • Subthalamic nucleus facilitates the inhibitory neurons of the internal globus pallidus
  • Internal globus pallidus inhibits the motor thalamus (via the ansa lenticulars and lenticular fasciculus
  • Thalamus sends a decreased drive to the motor cortex and contralateral lower motor neuron
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26
Q

What neurotrasmitter facilitates most of the basal ganglion? What structure does not utilize this NT for facilitation?

A
  • Glutamate

- Substantia nigra ultilizes dopamine

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27
Q

What neurotransmitter inhibits most of the basal ganglion? What connection has an added NT?

A
  • GABA

- Striatum to globus pallidus utilizes Enkephalin

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28
Q

What connections int he direct pathways are tonically active?

A
  • Subthalamus to internal globus pallidus

- Internal globus pallidus to thalamus

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29
Q

At what level of conciousness does the basal ganglion function?

A

Sub-voluntary/ automatic/ sub-concious

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30
Q

What 2 structures modulate pathways in the basal ganglion? What neurotransmitter is utilized by each?

A
  • Substantia nigra (dopamine)

- Striatal interneurons (ACh)

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31
Q

How does the subtantia nigra modulate the basal ganglion?

A
  • Facilitates direct pathway by increasing disinhibition of the thalamus through facilitation of striatum to IGP
  • Inhibits indirect pathway by inhibiting the subthalamus through the EGP
32
Q

How do the striatal interneurons modulate the basal ganglion?

A
  • Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei of midbrain activate ACh receptors in striatum
  • Inhibits direct pathway by disinhibiting the IGP, which then inhibits the motor thalamus
  • Facilitates the indirect pathway by increasing disinhibition of the subthalamus through facilitation of the EGP
33
Q

What artery supplies the lenticular nucleus, striatum and internal capsule?

A
  • Lateral lenticular striate artery branches of middle cerebral artery
34
Q

What arteries supply the caudate nucleus?

A
  • Anterior cerebral

- Medial striate arteries

35
Q

What are the 5 parallel loops of the basal ganglion?

A
  • Motor
  • Cognitive
  • Limbic
  • Occulomotor
  • Associative
36
Q

Describe the 5 step motor loop.

A
  • Somatosensory/ primary motor/ pre-motor cortex
  • Putamen
  • Substantia nigra/ IGP
  • VA-VL of thalamus
  • Supplemental motor area, premotor, primary motor
37
Q

Describe the 5 step limbic loop.

A
  • Medial and lateral temporal lobe, hippocampal formation
  • Striatum
  • Pallidum, IGP, SN
  • MD, VA of thalamus
  • Anterior cingulate, orbital frontal cortex
38
Q

Describe the 5 step occulomotor loop.

A
  • Posterior parietal, prefrontal
  • Caudate
  • Substantia nigra, IGP
  • VA, MD of thalamus
  • Frontal eye field, supplementary eye field
39
Q

Describe the 5 step associative loop.

A
  • Posterior parietal, premotor
  • Caudate
  • SN and IGP
  • VA, MD of thalamus
  • Prefrontal
40
Q

What are 3 diseases of the caudate nucleus?

A
  • Abulia
  • Chorea
  • Tourette syndrome
41
Q

What pathway is affected by chorea?

A

Indirect pathway (at striatum to external globus pallidus)

42
Q

How will an individual present with chorea?

A
  • Random, uncontrolled jerking of trunk ,extremities and head
  • Facial grimacing
43
Q

What neurotransmitter can help turn the indirect pathway “back on” in Chorea?

A
  • Acetylcholine
44
Q

What structure in addition to the Caudate nucleus is affected in Tourette Syndrome?

A

Lenticular nuclei

45
Q

What loop is affected by Tourette Syndrome?

A

Limbic loop (inhibitory limbic system acts on motor cortex) (motor striatum generates tics)

46
Q

What 2 pathologies affects the Putamen?

A
  • Dystonia

- Athetosis

47
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Slow, twisting, involuntary contorting movement that is sustained and repreated

48
Q

What other pathology is associated with Athetosis?

A

Cerebral Palsy

49
Q

What is the main symptom of Athetosis?

A

Slow worm-like movements of distal limbs/ fingers

50
Q

What pathalogy is associated with the Subthalamus?

A

Ballism

51
Q

What is the major symptom of Ballism?

A
  • Quick continuous flinging of the limbs
52
Q

What pathology is associated with the Substantia Nigra?

A

Parkinsonism

53
Q

How are the pathways affected by the Subtantia Nigras lack of dopamine cells in Parkinsonism?

A
  • Decreased direct pathway

- Increased indirect pathway

54
Q

How will passive movement through the joint be affected by Parkinsonism?

A
  • Rigidity through the entire joint range
55
Q

What is Palilalia (associated with Parkinsonism)?

A

Stuttering

56
Q

What is Hypophonia (associated with Parkinsonism)?

A

Soft speech

57
Q

What is Bradyphrenia (associated with Parkinsonism)?

A

Slow thinking

58
Q

What is Retropulsoin (associated with Parkinsonism)?

A

Repetition of motor acts

59
Q

What is the frequency of Parkinsonism tremors?

A

3 - 6 Hz

60
Q

How are hyperkinetic disorders treated?

A
  • Raising ACh

- Lowering Dopamine

61
Q

Identify the basal ganglion and cerebellum as either excitatory or inhibitory.

A

Basal ganglion: Inhibitory

Cerebellum: Excitatory

62
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum affect cognitive and motivational aspects of movement?

A

BG

63
Q

Is the BG or Cerebellum capable of learning?

A

Cerebellum

64
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum permit smooth progression from one movement to the next?

A

Cerebellum

65
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum optimize patterns of muscle activation so that the desired goal is achied in the most efficient way?

A

BG

66
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum perform a gating function?

A

BG

67
Q

Is the BG or Cerebeluum involved with force, frequency, load, velocity, and movement direction?

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum prepare for movement (targeting location in space, directing movement and muscle pattern)?

A

BG

69
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum activate during memorize motor tasks and therefore contribute to the automatic execution of a learned motor plan?

A

BG

70
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum aide in visual tracking?

A

Cerebellum

71
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum help predict movement occurring outside the body?

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum suppress unwanted movement?

A

BG

73
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum affect muscle tone and participate in generation, switching and termination of movement as dictated by situational demands and emotional or attentive states?

A

BG

74
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum deal with cognitive and motivational aspects of movement?

A

BG

75
Q

Does the BG or Cerebellum work at an unconcious level?

A

Both do

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