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Neuroscience > Neurological Development > Flashcards

Neurological Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is gastrulation?

A
  • A phase early in embryonic develpoment in which a single layer blastula into a trilaminar or “three-layered” blastula.
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2
Q

What is developed during gastrulation, the body or the nervous system?

A

The body.

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers that are differentiated during gastrulation?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
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4
Q

What is formed by the ectoderm?

A
  • Entire nervous system

- Skin of body

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5
Q

What is formed by the mesoderm?

A
  • The connective tissue of the body
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6
Q

What is formed by the endoderm?

A

Lining of structures like the GI tract, pancreas, stomach, and other visceral structures.

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7
Q

What structure is formed on the blastula during the begining of gastrulation?

A
  • Primitive streak
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8
Q

What neurulation?

A
  • The formation of the neural tube
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9
Q

What developmental structure forms the CNS?

A

The neural tube.

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10
Q

What developmental structure forms the pNS?

A

The neural crest.

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11
Q

What is the first structure formed during neurulation?

A
  • The neural plate.
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12
Q

What is the neural plate?

A
  • A thickening of the ectoderm caused by cuboidal epithelial cells becoming columnar.
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13
Q

What 3 major structures are formed during neurulation?

A
  • Neural tube
  • Neural crest
  • Epidermis
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14
Q

What structure covers the neural tube once it is created?

A
  • The epidermis
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15
Q

What structure is formed on day 6 of development?

A
  • The blastula
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16
Q

What event occurs at day 1 of development?

A
  • Fertilization
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17
Q

What event occurs at day 6 of development?

A
  • Implantation
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18
Q

When does the primitive streak begin development?

A
  • 13 - 14 days into development
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19
Q

By what process is the primitive streak formed on the blastula?

A
  • Invagination: Cells migrate underneath the outer cell layer , displacing the underlying cells until 3 germ layers are formed
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20
Q

What is the dorsal layer of the primitive streak?

A
  • Ectoderm
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21
Q

What is the middle layer of the primitive streak?

A
  • Mesoderm
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22
Q

What is the ventral layer of the primitive streak?

A
  • Endoderm
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23
Q

Where is the primitive streak found on the blastula?

A

On the inside.

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24
Q

When does neurulation begin?

A
  • Day 18 of development
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25
Q

How does the primitive streak thicken after the 3 layers have been formed?

A

Cells turn from cuboidal to columnar.

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26
Q

Which layer of the primitive streak becomes the neural plate?

A

The ectoderm

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27
Q

Why does the ectoderm invaginate into the endoderm and mesoderm?

A

Because the ectoderm divides at faster rates.

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28
Q

How is the neural tube formed by the neural plate?

A
  • The plate continues invaginating into the ventral layers until the 2 lateral sides of the plate meet dorsally, closing off the neural plate into the neural tube.
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29
Q

When does the neural tube completely close?

A

At 28 days.

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30
Q

What does the excess ectoderm directly lateral to the neural tube pinched off during neural tube closure form?

A

The neural crest.

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31
Q

What is the inner layer of cells of the neural tube called?

A

The neural epithelium.

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32
Q

What does the neural epithelium form in the developed adult?

A

The ependyma/ ependymal layer

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33
Q

At which region does the neural tube close at 24 days?

A

The cervical region (the tube then continues to close up and down from the cervical region)

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34
Q

What is the small cleft on the lateral sides of the inside of the neural tube called?

A
  • The sulcus limitans
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35
Q

What is the significance of the sulcus limitans?

A

Separates the developing gray matter of the nervous system into basal and alar sections.

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36
Q

What does the non- neural crest and neural tube ectoderm form?

A

The skin.

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37
Q

What structure forms the neurons and glia of the PNS?

A

The neural crest.

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38
Q

What structure forms the neurons and glia of the CNS?

A

The neural tube.

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39
Q

What are the lateral bumps of mesoderm called in the developing embryo?

A
  • Somites
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40
Q

What causes the enlargement and sulci of different portions of the neural tube?

A

Areas of fast cell division, and areas of slower cell division.

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41
Q

Which portion of the neural tube has the fastest division?

A
  • Rostral
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42
Q

When does the primary vesicle stage occur?

A
  • 28 days of development
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43
Q

Which portion of the embryo forms the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain during the primary vesicle stage?

A

Forebrain: Prosencephalon
Midbrain: Mesencephalon
Hindbrain: Rhombencephalon

44
Q

Why does the cervical flexure occur?

A

The nervous system is growing so fast that it bends in on itself.

45
Q

During what stage of neurodevelopment does the cervical flexure occur?

A

Primary vesicle.

46
Q

When does the secondary vesicle stage occur?

A

42 days/ 6 weeks.

47
Q

What 2 structures are formed by the proencephalon during the secondary vesicle stage?

A
  • Telencephalon (rostral portion)

- Diencephalon (caudal)

48
Q

What structure is formed by the telencephalon?

A

The cerebral hemisphere

49
Q

What structure is formed by the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus

50
Q

What 2 structures does the rhombencephalon form during the secondary vesicle stage?

A
  • Metencephalon

- Yelencephalon

51
Q

What is formed by the metencephalon and yelencephalon?

A
  • The brain stem
52
Q

What 2 flexures are formed during the secondary vesicle stage?

A
  • Cephalic flexure

- Pontine flexure

53
Q

Why is the cervical flexure important?

A
  • The brain begins for fold in upon itself, and changes the orientation of rostral, caudal, ventral, and dorsal.

(Ventral and dorsal are inferior and superior)

54
Q

Why does the telencephalon fold in onto itself?

A
  • It can’t grow outwards out of the skull
55
Q

What direction does the telencephalon grow?

A

Posteriorly and laterally.

56
Q

Where does the diencephalon end up becoming embedded?

A

Within the telencephalon

57
Q

When is the peak of neuron cell division?

A

3 months.

58
Q

When do sulci and gyri begin forming in the brain?

A

At 6 months to increase surface area. (Occurs through invagination)

59
Q

When does neuron cell division decline dramatically?

A
  • At 6 months.
60
Q

What is responsible for the growth of the brain beyond 6 months forming the sulci and gyri?

A
  • The proliferation of glial cells

- The enlargement of neurons

61
Q

When does glial division slow down?

A
  • 2 years of development
62
Q

Do glial or neurons continue to divide throughout life?

A

Only glial

63
Q

How do cells grow in relation to the sulcus limitans?

A

Outword, and diagonally.

64
Q

What cell layer forms gray matter?

A
  • The mantle layer
65
Q

What cell layer forms white matter?

A
  • The marginal layer
66
Q

Which layer is mostly axons?

A
  • The marginal layer
67
Q

What horn is formed by alar cells? Is the horn sensory or motor?

A

The dorsal horn; sensory

68
Q

What horn is formed by basal cells? Is the horn sensory or motor?

A

The ventral horn; motor

69
Q

How is the spinal cord organized during 3 months development medially to laterally?

A
  • The neural epithelial layer
  • The mantle zone
  • The marginal zone

Cells migrate laterally

70
Q

What 2 types of cells may the neural epithelials cells differentiate into? (The specific names)

A
  • Neuroblast (neuron)

- Spongioblast (glial cell)

71
Q

What is formed by collections of neurons in the periphery?

A

Ganglions

72
Q

What are somites?

A

Bumps of mesoderm that the neural tube grows into

73
Q

What is the source of the cells that grow into dorsal root ganglions?

A

Neural crest cells

74
Q

What 3 characteristics are possessed by each somite?

A
  • Sclerotome
  • Dermatome
  • Myotome
75
Q

What are the 2 parts of each myotome/ spinal nerve?

A
  • Epaxial division (dorsal rami)

- Hypaxial division (ventral rami)

76
Q

What are the myotomes called cranial to the cerivcal portions?

A

Occipital.

77
Q

What muscles are innervated by the occipital myotomes? By which nerve?

A
  • Muscles of the tongue

- Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

78
Q

What myotomes are found rostrally to the occipital myotomes?

A

The preotic myotomes

79
Q

What muscles are supplied by the preotic myotomes, and by which nerves?

A
  • The extraocular muscles of the eyeball

- III, IV, and VI cranial nerves

80
Q

What is another name for the occipital somites?

A
  • Postotic somites
81
Q

What senses are innervated by the otic somites?

A
  • Balance and equilibrium

- Hearing

82
Q

What are the pharyngeal/ branchial arches?

A
  • Mesodermal outpouchings to the left and right sides of the developing pharynx.
83
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches form?

A
  • The 4th week of development
84
Q

What cranial nerve is developed by the mandibular arch (I)?

A
  • V
85
Q

What muscles are innervated by the mandibular arch?

A
  • The muscles of mastication
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Tensor tympani
  • Myohyoid
  • Tensory veli palatini
86
Q

What cranial nerve develops from the Hyoid arch (II)?

A
  • VII
87
Q

What 4 muscles are innervated by the hyoid arch?

A
  • Facial expression muscles
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Stapedius
  • Stylohyoideus
88
Q

What cranial nerve develops from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A
  • CN IX (glossopharengeal)
89
Q

What muscle is supplies by the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
90
Q

What cranial nerve develops from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A
  • X (superior laryngeal branch)
91
Q

What muscle is innervated by the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Cricothyroid muscle
92
Q

What cranial nerves develop from the 5th and 6th cranial arches?

A
  • X (recurrent laryngeal branch)

- XI (cranial accessory)

93
Q

What muscles are innervated by the 5th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A
  • Muscles of pharynx and larynx (except stylopharyngeus)

- Palate muscles (except Tenso vali palantini)

94
Q

What 3 structures are somatically innervated above the cervical region?

A
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Tongue
95
Q

What arch innervates the stylopharyngeus?

A
  • Arch III/ Cranial nerve IX
96
Q

What arch innervates the muscles of mastication?

A
  • Arch I (mandibular arch)
97
Q

What arch innervates the muscles of pharynx and larynx (except the stylopharyngeus)?

A

Arches V and VI.

98
Q

What arch innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A
  • Arch I (mandibular arch)
99
Q

What arch innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A
  • Arch II (hyoid arch)
100
Q

What arch innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • Arch IV
101
Q

What arch innervates the palate muscles (except the Tensor veli palantini)?

A
  • Arches V and VI
102
Q

What arch innervates the stapedius?

A
  • Arch II (Hyoid)
103
Q

What arch innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A
  • Arch II (Hyoid)
104
Q

What arch innervates the mylohyoid?

A
  • Arch I (Mandibular)
105
Q

What arch innervates the Tensor Veli Palatini?

A
  • Arch I (Mandibular)
106
Q

What arch innervates the stylohyoideus?

A
  • Arch 2 (hyoid)
107
Q

What arch innervates the Tensor Tympani?

A
  • Arch I (Mandibular)

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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