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Neuroscience > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
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2
Q

Where is the sympathetic nervous system located?

A
  • Thoracic spinal cord
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3
Q

Where is the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A
  • Cranial nerves

- Sacral spinal cord

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4
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A
  • In the gut
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5
Q

What type of system is the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Efferent effector
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6
Q

What 2 structures control the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Solitary nucleus in brain stem

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7
Q

What are the 4 methods by which preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system project?

A
  • Enter chain ganglion, and synapse on post ganglionic neurons
  • Enter chain, and ascend to another level before synapsing
  • Enter chain and descend to another level before synapsing
  • Go through chain, and join splanchnic nerves to synapse on prevertebral ganglia
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8
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system originate from?

A
  • T1 - L1 from beta cells in lateral horn (intermediolateralis - lamina 7)
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9
Q

What do preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system do before synapsing on post ganglionic neurons?

A
  • Diverge
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10
Q

Do sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons synapse closer to the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

1:10

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12
Q

What fiber type comprosises less than 20 % of the total visceral fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • General Visceral Afferent
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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Pre: ACh
Post: NE

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14
Q

Are pre or postgangionic fibers heavily myelinated in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Postganglionic
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15
Q

Are pre or postganglionic fibers lightly myelinated in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Preganglionic
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16
Q

What type of stimuli is brough by stimulation of GVA fibers int he sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Noxious
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17
Q

What type of cells are the pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Beta
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18
Q

How do the beta cells of the sympathetic nervous system exit the spinal cord?

A
  • Leave ventral horn through ventral route, and enter chain ganglion to synapse
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19
Q

What type of sympathetic fiber does not synapse within the chain?

A

Visceral fibers

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20
Q

What cranial nerves make up a portion of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

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21
Q

Which sacral segments make up a portion of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

S2 - S4

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22
Q

Where are the post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A
  • In the structures that they innervate
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23
Q

How are general visceral afferent fibers different in the parasympathetic nervous system compared to the sympathetic?

A
  • More abdundant and innocuous
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24
Q

What neurotransmitters are released by the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Pre: ACh
Poster: ACh

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25
Q

What is the ratio of pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

1:3

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26
Q

What type of nerve fiber is not found below L3 or above T1?

A
  • General visceral efferents
27
Q

What 3 structures are innervated by the enteric nervous system?

A
  • GI tract
  • Pancreas
  • Gall bladder
28
Q

Does the enteric nervous system function autonomously?

A

Yes, but it can be regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

29
Q

What is a plexus?

A
  • Meshwork of ganglia and interconnecting nerve fibers located between the various layers of muscle and endothelium
30
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus found?

A

Between external longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

31
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus found?

A
  • Within the connective tissue of the submocusa between the circular muscles and mucosa
32
Q

What is another name for vasodepressor syncope?

A

Neurogenic shock

33
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A
  • Vasodilation of muscles diverts blood to muscles, causing a lack of blood flow to the brain
  • Caused by strong emotions that drive sympathetic nervous system
  • Syncope occurs
34
Q

What are the 3 general types of innervation to the bladder?

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
  • Somatic
35
Q

What 4 portions of the cortex have an influence on bladder innervation?

A
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Insula
  • Pre-frontal cortex
  • Hypothalamus
36
Q

What tract sends information regarding bladder innervation to the cortex and periaquidcutal gray?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

37
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal gray?

A
  • Stimulates activation of center 2 in the Pons
38
Q

What is the function of center 2 in the Pons?

A

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which:

  • Relaxes the detrussor muscle through inhibition of the parasympathetic, and inhibition directly to the muscle
  • Stimulates the internal urethral sphincter

Also inhibits center 1

39
Q

What is the function of center 1 in the Pons?

A

Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which:

- Stimulates contraction of the destrussor muscle

40
Q

What spinal cord segments work with center 1?

A

S2 - S4

41
Q

What spinal cord segments work with center 2?

A

T1 - L1

42
Q

What nuclei work with center 2?

A
  • Onuf nuclei
43
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system in the bladder?

A
  • Stimulates external uretheral sphincter
44
Q

What is the term for reflexive bladder pathology?

A
  • Uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder
45
Q

What is uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder?

A
  • Voluntary control of filling and emptying of bladder is lost
  • No concious perception of bladder filling or emptying
  • Bladder fills and empties reflexively
46
Q

At what level do bladder reflexes occur?

A

Pontine level

47
Q

What type of lesion will cause uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder?

A
  • Bilateral frontal lobe lesion
48
Q

How can uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder be controlled?

A

With diet

49
Q

Is uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder an Upper or Lower Motor Neuron lesion?

A

Upper

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Automatic Bladder?

A
  • Micturition control is lost

- Bladder empties incompletely

51
Q

Why does the bladder empty incompletely in Automatic Bladder?

A
  • Reflex pathways that trigger pontine micturition is gone

- Each time the bladder is stretched, it empties (not when completely stretched)

52
Q

What is the location of a lesion that will cause automatic bladder?

A
  • Bilateral spinal cord lesion above sacral levels
53
Q

What systemic changes can occur in Automatic Bladder?

A
  • Blood pressure

- heart changes

54
Q

What are major symptoms of Non-Reflexive Bladder?

A
  • Bladder fills to capacity and overflows –> dribbling

- Bladder wall is flaccid

55
Q

What is the cause of non-reflexive bladder?

A
  • Sacral reflex arc lesioned
56
Q

Where is the location of the lesion in non-reflexive bladder?

A
  • Bilateral lesion to sacral cord or pelvic nerves
57
Q

What renal complication may arise from non-reflexive bladder?

A
  • Infection
58
Q

What center controls the defecation reflex?

A
  • Hypothalamic autonomic center
59
Q

What 2 structures make up the hypothalamic autonomic centre?

A
  • Mesencephalon pons

- Dorsal motor nucleus

60
Q

What 2 parasympathetic nerves stimulate defecation?

A
  • Pudendal nerve

- Vagus nerve

61
Q

What sympathetic nerve inhibits defecation?

A
  • Hypogastric nerves
62
Q

What spinal segments facilitate defecation?

A

S2 - S4

63
Q

What spinal nerve roots inhibit defecation?

A

L1 - L3

Neuroscience (33 decks)

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