re introducing the big 5

Question 1

what makes us individual

Answer 1

-family and friends
-environment and experience
-personality
-culture
-hereditry
-biopsychosocial (nature vs nurture)

Question 2

theory of phrenology

Answer 2

franz gall (1758-1828)
-bumps on skull inform us about personality and characteristics of an indiv and mental abilities
-suggests there are diff areas of brain for diff functions

Question 3

theory of craniometry

Answer 3

19th - 20th century
-measuring bones of skull determine intelligenceth

Question 4

theory of physiognomy

Answer 4

ancient greeks to middle ages
-assessment of personality from outer appearance, specifically face

Question 5

theory of humorism

Answer 5

ancient greeks to 19th century
-good health when 4 humors, basic substances, are in balance

Question 6

darwin (1800s)

Answer 6

survival of fittest and natural selection

Question 7

galton 1800-1900s

Answer 7

Developed measures of intelligence, aptitudes, and statistical techniques that allowed the scientific investigation of Individual differences
-Self-report questionnaires and methods for reliability
-Standardised normative values.

Question 8

trait vs types

Answer 8

trait: levels of characteristics that people have e.g we all have some level of extraversion, looks at same category on continuum

type: views people as having discreet categories e.g you have it or you dont

Question 9

type A and B personalities

Answer 9

-type A = ambitious aggressive, impatient, time pressured, goal driven
-type B = easy going, laid back, patient

-Johnston 1993: type A more prone to heart disease
-later type C developed = organised and detail specific
-type D = people who experience negative affectivity, socially inhibitedw

Question 10

weakness of type A and B approach

Answer 10

-do people really just fall into A or B
-trait theory talks about continuum, stable and relative over time and situation
-trait theory provides consistent approach

Question 11

francis galton lexical hypoth

Answer 11

-important indiv diff become encoded as single terms
-number of words that refer to each trait = importance of trait
-by studying language we develop a taxonomy of personality traits

Question 12

gordon allport trait theory

Answer 12

-found nearly 18,000 words referring to personality traits e.g trustworthy, shy, arrogant etc
-reduced words to 4,500

Question 13

raymond cattell 16PF

Answer 13

took allports 4,500 words and reduced to 171 words by factor analysis

Question 14

hans eysenk super traits

Answer 14

-personality partially heritable when everyone else was saying it was down to environment
-aim: to identify main dimensions of personality and devise means of measurement using experimental quantitative procedures
-PEN model:
cross shape
4 points: stability (top), neuroticism (bottom), extroversion (L), introversion (R)

Question 15

psychoticism traits

Answer 15

cold, antisocial, impulsive, tough minded, impersonal, creative, aggressive, egocentric

Question 16

psychopathic traits

Answer 16

genetic and environmental contributions to variance in personality trait dimension of psychopathy (lilienfeld et al)
-machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy are the dark triad (Jakobwitz)

Question 17

big 5 traits

Answer 17

costa and mccrae (1992)
-extroversion: assertive, warm, positive, active
-neuroticism: anxiety, depression, hostility, self conscious
-agreeableness: trust in others, straightforward, honest
-conscientiousness: competent, methodical, disciplined
-openess to experience: open to fantasies, aesthetics, feelings

Question 18

personality traits and behaviour

Answer 18

Kammrath: association between personality and assertiveness (in general people believe intoverted and agreeable people are not assertive)

Pecina 2012: agreeableness shown to increase magnitude of placebo effect, agreeable people may be more open to advice or info and may be less assertive