attitudes and (volitional) behaviour 2 lect 3 Flashcards
what is the expectancy value model
Helen Peak at al
-attitude composed of beliefs
-attitudes are composed of 2:
1. expectancy of object having an attribute (extent to which object has value laiden attributes)
2. evaluation of attribute
-an attitude is an overall summary of all salient attributes and associated evaluations
salient
relevant in that moment
what is an overall attitude
combination of all relevant expectancy and evaluation terms
-attitudes are summed including expectancy and value to get overall attitude
do attitudes predict behaviour
LaPiere + Corey
-attitudes not predictive of behaviour
-problem = general attitudes were used to predict specific behaviour
e.g attitudes on religion do not predict if someone will go to church this sunday
correspondence (compatibility) principle
Fishbein and Ajzen
-attitudes can predict behaviour
-each behaviour has 4 characteristics
1.specific action
2.directed towards specific target
3.in a context
4.at a particular time
example of increasing specificity of attitude
Davidson and Jaccard
-predictions of birth control pill over 2 years
-used attitude measures differing in specificity
1. attitudes towards birth control (.08)
2.attitudes towards birth control pills (.32)
3.attitudes towards using birth control pills (.53)
4.attitudes towards using birth control pills in next 2 years (.57)
siegal study
-on non organ donors
-measuring specificity
-general attitude (in general how do you feel about organ donation) was poor predictor of becoming an organ donor = 18.5%
- specific attitude to registering as an organ donor = 46% variance in organ donation behaviour
predicting volitional behaviour
fishbein and ajzen
-attitudes can predict behaviour so long as principle of compatibility is followed
-attitudes predict behaviour via behavioural intentions
-intentions = mental link between attitude and behaviour
theory of reasoned action TRA
fishbein and ajzen
-volitional behaviour is product of rational decision
-decisions based on salient beliefs
-intention is most immediate influence on behaviour
what are subjective norms
puts motivation in wider social context and considers perceived social pressure to engage in spec behaviours
what is an attitude composed of
attitude = sum of behaviour belief x outcome evaluation
example of subjective norms
approval/disapproval of referents e.g children desire to comply with their parents
what is social norm composed of
social norm = sum of normative beliefs x compliance motivation
how good is TRA at predicting behaviour
Sheppard et al
-prediction of intention = R = .66
-prediction of behaviour = R = .53
(not all behaviours are under complete control)
theory of planned behaviour TPB
Ajzen
-similar to TRA but adds element of control in doing behaviours
-people more likely to do behaviour if easy
-takes into account people’s perception of control
-2 control factors: internal and external
-adds perceived behavioural control PBC
what is Perceived behavioural control composed of
PBC = sum of liklihood of factor x facilitating/inhibiting power
TPB model
behavioural beliefs
x - attitude -
outcome evaluation
normative beliefs
x - subjective norm - intention - behavi.
compliance motive
likelihood beliefs
x - perceived control -
power beliefs
how does PBC influence intention
bc people intend to do behaviours when they have a chance of completing them
how good is TPB over TRA
Schifter and ajzen
-study of weight loss in college students
-addition of PBC improved prediction of intention (.65-.72)
ajzen and madden
-students intention to get an A in exam
prediction intention
-attitude and subjective norm = .49
-including PBC = .64
achieving actual grade (behaviour)
-attitude and subjective norm = .39
-adding PBC = .45
comparing highly controllable with less controllable behaviours
-Madden
-compared highly controllable (taking vitamins) with less controllable (getting good nights sleep)
-inclusion of PBC only improved prediction of intentions + behaviour for less controllable behaviours
-PBC only useful when complete control not possible
how good is TPB for predicting behaviours
McEachan meta analysis
-attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control predicted between 40-50% of variance in intention
-intention and perceived behavioural control predicted 19-36% of variance in behaviour
critique of reasoned action approach and developments
-intention behaviour gap (Gollwitzer): lack of 1:1 correspondence between intentions and behaviours
-Gollwitzer and Bagozzi: TRA and TPB do not explain how intentions lead to behaviour
implementation intentions
-Gollwitzer Rubicon model
-goal directed behaviour = 2 stage process
1.motivation phase: form intention (as TPB) goal intention = what you want to achieve
2. action phase: form plan to achieve goal, implementation intention
3 elements of implementation intentions
1.specifies context
2.specifies time
3.specifies actions to achieve goal
