humanistic theory Flashcards
abraham maslow
-born 1908, died 1970
-parents 1st generation jewish immigrants
-poor relationship with mother
-few friends
-trained psychoanalyst
-maslows hierachy of needs
maslows hierachy of needs
-in monkeys maslow noticed that some needs took precedence over others, if they are hungry and thirsty they drink first
-maslow took this idea and made hierachy of needs
-lower levels must be satisfied before the satisfaction of higher needs are attempted
human motivation
-assumption: human nature is basically good
-innate tendency toward healthy growth and development
-dependent on environmental upbringing
-interest: understanding what motivates us to go about our lives and make the choices we do (complementary to Freud)
deficiency moves of human motivations
-we are driven to fulfil basic needs (hunger, thirst, safety, love)
-need met? so this ceases to be a motivator so motivational needs change
growth moves of human motivations
unique to each indiv
-gain in intensity as they are met
-developing indiv potential motives are complex
-behaviour can be motivated by deficiency and growth
hierachy of needs
–transcendence
—-self actualisation
——esteem
——–love/belonging
———-safety
————physiological
what is self actualisation
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving
what is esteem
self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect
what is love/belonging
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
what is safety
security of body/ employment/ resources/ family/ health/ property
what are physiological needs
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
characteristics of self actualisers from interviews
creative
think differently
peak experiences
higher self acceptance
criticisms of maslow
-lacks scientific rigor
-subjective nature
–does little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality development
-hierachy of needs accused of cultural bias
–mainly reflects western values and ideologies
application
kaufman 2018: researched self actualising in 21st century and found links to personality and wellbeing
aravind and prsad 2016: researched self actualisation and found it increases teaching effectiveness
lee et al 2015: self actualisation impacts quality of work, job satisfaction and relationships
applications to health and workplace
-porter: higher needs may be of more concern on the management level of an organisation
-orpen: job satisfaction is greater when there is more opportunity for such decision making
-sheldon and kasser: striving for authentic, self concordant reasons yields greater goal attainment and enhanced wellbeing
comparing humanistic and psychodynamic
-psychodynamic calls attention to unconscious motives and influence of past experiences on formation of personality
-humanistic focuses on inner capabilities for growth and self fulfilment
historical roots
existential philosophy
key elements of carl rogers humanistic theoiry
uniqueness
free will
human responsibility for our choices
key models of humanistic counselling
1.carl rogers: person centred approach
–given right condition people will grow and reach potential
2.abraham maslow: theory of human motivation
–hierachy of needs and self actualisation
3.fritz perls: gestalt theory
–‘whole’ emphasis placed on non verbal body language, here and now behaviour and clients taking responsibility for their actions
4.eric berne: transactional analysis
–people are ok, people responsible and change is possible
carl rogers q
-born in illinois
-died 1987
-person centred approach (client centred therapy, student centred learning)
-personality theory based on therapy:
–one of founders of humanistic approach
–founding father of psychotherapy research
rogers early career
-switched from theology to clin psych
-worked as psychologist with deprived children
-wrote a book
-professor at ohio
-set up counselling service
rogers core philosophy
-we all have innate ability to discover and develop inner resources to help us grow and mature into physically and psychologically healthy beings
-we know better than anyone else what is best for our development
what are the core conditions
6 necessary conditions are the hypoth conditions by which the therapist facilitates constructive personality change (tudor and merry)
-based on 3 principles: unconditional pos regard, congruence and empathy
