humanistic theory

Question 1

abraham maslow

Answer 1

-born 1908, died 1970
-parents 1st generation jewish immigrants
-poor relationship with mother
-few friends
-trained psychoanalyst
-maslows hierachy of needs

Question 2

maslows hierachy of needs

Answer 2

-in monkeys maslow noticed that some needs took precedence over others, if they are hungry and thirsty they drink first
-maslow took this idea and made hierachy of needs
-lower levels must be satisfied before the satisfaction of higher needs are attempted

Question 3

human motivation

Answer 3

-assumption: human nature is basically good
-innate tendency toward healthy growth and development
-dependent on environmental upbringing
-interest: understanding what motivates us to go about our lives and make the choices we do (complementary to Freud)

Question 4

deficiency moves of human motivations

Answer 4

-we are driven to fulfil basic needs (hunger, thirst, safety, love)
-need met? so this ceases to be a motivator so motivational needs change

Question 5

growth moves of human motivations

Answer 5

unique to each indiv
-gain in intensity as they are met
-developing indiv potential motives are complex
-behaviour can be motivated by deficiency and growth

Question 6

hierachy of needs

Answer 6

–transcendence
—-self actualisation
——esteem
——–love/belonging
———-safety
————physiological

Question 7

what is self actualisation

Answer 7

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving

Question 8

what is esteem

Answer 8

self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect

Question 9

what is love/belonging

Answer 9

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Question 10

what is safety

Answer 10

security of body/ employment/ resources/ family/ health/ property

Question 11

what are physiological needs

Answer 11

breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

Question 12

characteristics of self actualisers from interviews

Answer 12

creative
think differently
peak experiences
higher self acceptance

Question 13

criticisms of maslow

Answer 13

-lacks scientific rigor
-subjective nature
–does little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality development
-hierachy of needs accused of cultural bias
–mainly reflects western values and ideologies

Question 14

application

Answer 14

kaufman 2018: researched self actualising in 21st century and found links to personality and wellbeing

aravind and prsad 2016: researched self actualisation and found it increases teaching effectiveness

lee et al 2015: self actualisation impacts quality of work, job satisfaction and relationships

Question 15

applications to health and workplace

Answer 15

-porter: higher needs may be of more concern on the management level of an organisation
-orpen: job satisfaction is greater when there is more opportunity for such decision making
-sheldon and kasser: striving for authentic, self concordant reasons yields greater goal attainment and enhanced wellbeing

Question 16

comparing humanistic and psychodynamic

Answer 16

-psychodynamic calls attention to unconscious motives and influence of past experiences on formation of personality
-humanistic focuses on inner capabilities for growth and self fulfilment

Question 17

historical roots

Answer 17

existential philosophy

Question 18

key elements of carl rogers humanistic theoiry

Answer 18

uniqueness
free will
human responsibility for our choices

Question 19

key models of humanistic counselling

Answer 19

1.carl rogers: person centred approach
–given right condition people will grow and reach potential

2.abraham maslow: theory of human motivation
–hierachy of needs and self actualisation

3.fritz perls: gestalt theory
–‘whole’ emphasis placed on non verbal body language, here and now behaviour and clients taking responsibility for their actions

4.eric berne: transactional analysis
–people are ok, people responsible and change is possible

Question 20

carl rogers q

Answer 20

-born in illinois
-died 1987
-person centred approach (client centred therapy, student centred learning)
-personality theory based on therapy:
–one of founders of humanistic approach
–founding father of psychotherapy research

Question 21

rogers early career

Answer 21

-switched from theology to clin psych
-worked as psychologist with deprived children
-wrote a book
-professor at ohio
-set up counselling service

Question 22

rogers core philosophy

Answer 22

-we all have innate ability to discover and develop inner resources to help us grow and mature into physically and psychologically healthy beings
-we know better than anyone else what is best for our development

Question 23

what are the core conditions

Answer 23

6 necessary conditions are the hypoth conditions by which the therapist facilitates constructive personality change (tudor and merry)
-based on 3 principles: unconditional pos regard, congruence and empathy