intro to self conscious emotions lect 1

Question 1

how do we display our feelings

Answer 1

with facial expressions e.g happy sad angry etc

Question 2

what are primary emotions

Answer 2

Damasio
-immediate instinctual responses e.g joy, fear, sadness
-universal and often linked to events or situations
-bodys first response
-adaptive as make us react in certain way without emotion being contaminated by thoughts/habits
-as time passes the emotion is likely to fade

Question 3

what are secondary emotions

Answer 3

Damasio
-consider reaction to the primary emotion
-more complex, influenced by personal experience, beliefs and thoughts
-habitual or learned responses
-higher cog processes
-protect the self from being vulnerable
-can increase a behaviour, increase the intensity of reactions and last longer than primary emotions
-learned in childhood from adults/parents e.g after feeling anger you feel shame

Question 4

what are eckmans 6 primary emotions

Answer 4

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Question 5

background of emotions

Answer 5

-Darwin: the expression of emotion in man and animals, his observations have ignored psychoanalysis and developmental psych
-WHY
1. freud’s focus on guilt
2.general confusion between emotions e.g guilt and shame
3.major issues with the measurement of emotions

Question 6

how did darwin measure emotions

Answer 6

blushing behaviour

Question 7

what are the weaknesses of using blushing behaviour to measure emotions

Answer 7

-many people do not blush, indiv differences
-blushing is a measure of self reflection in presence of others and mostly linked with embarrassment
-role of cog ignored

Question 8

emotional development

Answer 8

Lewis
-development of sense of self during 2nd year of life, children recognise themself as separate from their caregiver

Question 9

how to test emotional development

Answer 9

Lewis and Brooks rouge test
-children 9-24 months in front of mirror after a red spot placed on their nose
-if child touched own nose instead of baby in the mirror it was indicative the child recognised reflection as themself

Question 10

what age do children develop sense of self awareness

Answer 10

between 15 and 24 months

Question 11

what is self awareness

Answer 11

Kopp
-realisation you are separate from others

Question 12

emotional development after developing self awareness

Answer 12

-chilld learns to understanding social emotions like guilt, shame, empathy etc (Lally and Valentine French)
-set standards and rules which develops expression of self conscious emotions (between age of 2 and 3)
-exposure to pos and neg social interactions and behaviours effects indiv expression of self conscious emotions (Stipek)

Question 13

what are self conscious emotions

Answer 13

modify thinking and behaviour to adjust, replicate, stress or eliminate cognitions and actions as environment changes
-self conscious emotions set humans apart from animals

Question 14

what is the first group of self conscious emotions

Answer 14

guilt shame embarrassment jealousy etc

Question 15

what is the second group of self conscious emotions

Answer 15

unrequited love, nostalgia

Question 16

when do first self conscious emotions appear

Answer 16

in second half of second year in life

Question 17

how do self conscious emotions differ from basic emotions

Answer 17

-self awareness plays key roles
-some require extensive cog processing
-situations that children learn self conscious emotions differs culturally:
1.individualistic: feel pride in personal accomplishment
2.collectivistic: taught not to call attention to themselves unless they wish to feel embarrassed (Paris et al)

Question 18

features of self conscious emotions

Answer 18

-central role in motivating and regulating people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours (Fischer and Tanguey)
-emotions drive people to work hard in task domains (Stipek)
-behave in moral, socially appropriate ways in social interactions and intimate relationships (baumeister et al)

Question 19

what is shame

Answer 19

-acutely painful emotion when we fail to meet intended social standard
-loss of social status implied
-failure to live up to one’s standards
-rooted in deeper causes e.g low self esteem
-involves neg feelings about self

Question 20

what emotions accompany shame

Answer 20

sense of worthlessness, humility, shrinking, desire to hide/disappear

Question 21

how is shame maladaptive

Answer 21

increases depressive symptoms, anxiety, anger, control dysregulation, cardiovascular reactivity, self harm and decreased self esteem

Question 22

what is guilt

Answer 22

-not purely neg
-sense of regret or remorse
-associated with rumination of behaviour and thoughts of changing current situ
-shame focuses on global self, guilt on self’s actions
-there is debate about whether it is adaptive or maladaptive

Question 23

what is unrequited love (UL)

Answer 23

-love for someone who doesnt share the same feelings
-can cause longing for more complete love (bringle et al)
-includes romantic feelings, sexual desires, intense desire to be close to someone

Question 24

intended partners in UL:

Answer 24

-do not make effort to spend time together
-do not know you or have any interest in a relationship with you
-see you as a friend
-turned you down or clarified non romantic interest

Question 25

painful situ of UL includes:

Answer 25

-daydreaming about unlikely situations
-anxiety, jealousy
-neglecting oneself
-low self esteem

Question 26

what is UL linked to

Answer 26

attachment theory

Question 27

what is nostalgia

Answer 27

-nostos= returned to ones native land
-algos= pain or suffering

Question 28

background to nostalgia

Answer 28

-considered undesirable neg emotion in the 20th century (confused with homesickness: Wildschut et al)
-beginning of 21st century: literature went separate ways
1. homesickness referred to psychological maladjustment from a young person’s transition away from home
2.nostagia= prevalent pos (mostly), functional emotion that can refer to any aspect of one’s past (Sedikides)

Question 29

what is nostalgia according to Sedikides

Answer 29

self relevant, albeit deeply social, and ambivalent, albeit more pos than neg, emotion

Question 30

what does research on nostalgia link to

Answer 30

-attachment styles (Abeyta)
-loneliness (abeyta)
-optimism (cheung)
-certain types of music can be nostagic (sedikides)
-nostalgia and wellbeing during covid (Gibbs)
-food is powerful elicitor of nostalgia (Reid)

Question 31

what does it mean to be self conscious

Answer 31

-apologising for mistakes and taking responsibility
-taking pride in accomplishments
-engaging in social activities
-feeling joyful for one’s actions
-great booster of self esteem and self confidence

Question 32

is there any negatives to being self conscious

Answer 32

excessive feelings of self consciousness can be unhealthy, toxic and effect mental health:
-feeling of being judged
-feeling that everyone is looking
-responding to embarrassment with anger and hostility
-blaming others for one’s mistake
-avoiding social experiences
-lack of confidence, agitation, nervousness, anxiety and depression

Question 33

the dark side of self conscious emotions

Answer 33

-unhealthy self awareness can result in social anxiety (isolation and low self esteem)
-can prevent healing from traumatic events
-indiv may avoid medical care (those who experience shame, guilt or embarrassment avoid taking screening for sexually transmitted diseases)

Question 34

why do we need self conscious emotions

Answer 34

-pride helps people work hard (boosts self esteem and helps us perform better)
-improves social functioning
-motivates us to take action
-be more empathetic
-less risky choices made
-may be adaptive: adaptive to notice, understand and remedy when bad things happen
-embarrassment or blush may communicate one is aware of their mistake and will work to adjust behaviour

Question 35

sex differences

Answer 35

-women more likely than men to make global appraisal following failure
-men tend to endorse hubristic pride more
-both men and women have reported authentic pride, guilt and embarrassment