expectations of efficacy and control lect 5 Flashcards
what type of control are we looking at
generalised (trait) like control
what are the dispositional factors of self confidence
locus on control and dispositional optimism
what is the situational factor in self confidence
self efficacy
locus on control
(self confidence)
Rotter
-how expectancies of control come about
-it is a generalised trait line belief determining whether or not expectancies get reinforced
-continuum
what is the important question rotter is interested in
why is it someone with low self confidence doesnt see themself as capable when they are successful
internal locus of control
-believe they are responsible for important life outcomes
-reinforcement occurs when an event coincides with the belief
-if an event is not consistent with internal locus of control, expectation not reinforced
external locus of control
-believe luck or chance or others are responsible for important life outcomes
-control of outcomes (locus of reinforcement) is external to the person
-belief is reinforced when good/bad events happen which are perceived to be controlled by something ‘out there’
-if event is believed to be due to personal factors, expectation is not reinforced
strickland review of work on LOC
-evidence is consistent and supportive of concept that…
-internals tend to be more adaptive in response
HOWEVER results are not always clear cut
bennett et al LOC research
-whether healthy food consumption would be associated with LOC (internal) and health value (extent to which being healthy is important to the indiv)
-reinforcement power is dependent on desirability of the outcome (health)
-LOC more predictive under conditions of high health value
(found only weak improvement in predicting dietary behaviour)
wallston LOC research
-generally low association between LOC and health behaviour due to failure to assess all necessary elements
-for internal LOC to translate to behaviour:
1.person needs to value their health
2.outcome expectancy: believe that behaviour will have the desired outcome
3.feel they can do the behaviour: self efficacy
what is dispositional optimism
(self confidence)
Scheier and Carver
-tendency to believe one will generally experience good over bad outcomes in life
-dispositional trait approach
why do optimists have better life outcomes
Scholl et al
-looked at pp with breast cancer
-measurement at time of diagnosis and a year later
-optimists cope with adversity in diff ways leading to better life outcomes
-optimism = fighting spirit = better quality of life
-pessimism = hopelessness = lower quality of life
scheier research on dispositional optimism
-measured optimism in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS)
-dispositional optimism measured pre and post op
-optimists = less hostile, less depressed, more happy etc
how do optimists cope with adversity differently to pessimists
scheier et al
-studied stressors among students
-optimism correlated with problem focused coping
aspinwall and taylor findings
higher optimism associated with lower psychological distress later for students who had moved away to uni
Puig perez research
-looked at optimism-pessimism on stress, avoidance and PTSD in people adjusting to COVID 19 lockdown
-optimists = less stress and less PTSD and engaged in less avoidance than pessimists
is dispositional optimism the same as LOC
No
-conceptually LOC is when people expect control of events to be internal or external (these are reinforced when the event is consistent)
-dis optimism is expectancy of outcome regardless of the cause
-statistically LOC is diff from dis optimism
situation specific control =
self efficacy
bandura self efficacy
-cog in behavioural change
-social cog theory
-2 cog: self efficacy and outcome expectancy
what is self efficacy
conviction one can successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the outcome (determines the effort put into the task and perseverance at a task in the face of obstacles)
what is outcome expectancy
estimate that given behaviour will lead to certain outcomes (identifies whether a behaviour will lead to a desired goal)
what are the three characteristics of self efficacy
1.magnitude
2.strenght
3.generality
magnitude as a characteristic of self efficacy
-tasks ordered according to difficulty
-high efficacy expectancies may encompass more levels of difficulty
strength as a characteristic of self efficacy
-strong expectancies associated with greater perseverance in face of barriers
-weak expectancies easily extinguished by barriers to success
generality as a characteristic of self efficacy
-efficacy expectancies differ on how general they are
-Can range from highly behaviour/ situation specific through to expectancies generalised across behaviours/ situations
where does self efficacy come from
bandura (concept of learning and vicarious reinforcement)
-4 sources of expectancy info
1.performance accomplishments (doing behaviour and exceeding it)
2.vicarious experience (seeing someone else succeed or fail)
3.verbal persuasion (encouragement)
4.emotional arousal
bandura research
pp had snake phobia
-cond 1: performance mastery (hands on experience handling a snake)
-cond 2: vicarious experience (watch actor handle a snake)
-post intervention test showed performance mastery was most efficient
-self efficacy was accurate predictor on task performance (handling snake)
lefebure et al
-researched self efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis pp
-assessed self efficacy, coping, mood and pain
-higher self efficacy = better adjustment
-high self efficacy = less pain, fewer reports of negative mood, less likely to seek emotional support and higher levels of coping efficacy
contrasting self efficacy and LOC
-LOC is product of generalised expectancies
self efficacy is more behaviour specific
-self efficacy emphasises cog of expectancies
LOC = expectancies product of reinforcement
self efficacy vs dispositional optimism
-optimism = regardless of cause
-self efficacy tends to be behaviour specific
-optimism is a generalisable concept
what are the types of control
fiske and taylor
1. behaviour control: being able to actually act on situ to bring it in line with desires
2.cognitive control: reinterpreting situ more favourably or refocus attention away from the stressor
3.decision control: ability to make choices among an array of possibility
4.information control: ability to gain info about a stressor
5.retrospective control: learning from bad experience to know what to avoid in the future
6.secondary control: ability to relinquish primary control and simply go with the flow
