expectations of efficacy and control lect 5

Question 1

what type of control are we looking at

Answer 1

generalised (trait) like control

Question 2

what are the dispositional factors of self confidence

Answer 2

locus on control and dispositional optimism

Question 3

what is the situational factor in self confidence

Answer 3

self efficacy

Question 4

locus on control

Answer 4

(self confidence)
Rotter
-how expectancies of control come about
-it is a generalised trait line belief determining whether or not expectancies get reinforced
-continuum

Question 5

what is the important question rotter is interested in

Answer 5

why is it someone with low self confidence doesnt see themself as capable when they are successful

Question 6

internal locus of control

Answer 6

-believe they are responsible for important life outcomes
-reinforcement occurs when an event coincides with the belief
-if an event is not consistent with internal locus of control, expectation not reinforced

Question 7

external locus of control

Answer 7

-believe luck or chance or others are responsible for important life outcomes
-control of outcomes (locus of reinforcement) is external to the person
-belief is reinforced when good/bad events happen which are perceived to be controlled by something ‘out there’
-if event is believed to be due to personal factors, expectation is not reinforced

Question 8

strickland review of work on LOC

Answer 8

-evidence is consistent and supportive of concept that…
-internals tend to be more adaptive in response
HOWEVER results are not always clear cut

Question 9

bennett et al LOC research

Answer 9

-whether healthy food consumption would be associated with LOC (internal) and health value (extent to which being healthy is important to the indiv)
-reinforcement power is dependent on desirability of the outcome (health)
-LOC more predictive under conditions of high health value
(found only weak improvement in predicting dietary behaviour)

Question 10

wallston LOC research

Answer 10

-generally low association between LOC and health behaviour due to failure to assess all necessary elements
-for internal LOC to translate to behaviour:
1.person needs to value their health
2.outcome expectancy: believe that behaviour will have the desired outcome
3.feel they can do the behaviour: self efficacy

Question 11

what is dispositional optimism

Answer 11

(self confidence)
Scheier and Carver
-tendency to believe one will generally experience good over bad outcomes in life
-dispositional trait approach

Question 12

why do optimists have better life outcomes

Answer 12

Scholl et al
-looked at pp with breast cancer
-measurement at time of diagnosis and a year later
-optimists cope with adversity in diff ways leading to better life outcomes
-optimism = fighting spirit = better quality of life
-pessimism = hopelessness = lower quality of life

Question 13

scheier research on dispositional optimism

Answer 13

-measured optimism in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS)
-dispositional optimism measured pre and post op
-optimists = less hostile, less depressed, more happy etc

Question 14

how do optimists cope with adversity differently to pessimists

Answer 14

scheier et al
-studied stressors among students
-optimism correlated with problem focused coping

Question 15

aspinwall and taylor findings

Answer 15

higher optimism associated with lower psychological distress later for students who had moved away to uni

Question 16

Puig perez research

Answer 16

-looked at optimism-pessimism on stress, avoidance and PTSD in people adjusting to COVID 19 lockdown
-optimists = less stress and less PTSD and engaged in less avoidance than pessimists

Question 17

is dispositional optimism the same as LOC

Answer 17

No
-conceptually LOC is when people expect control of events to be internal or external (these are reinforced when the event is consistent)
-dis optimism is expectancy of outcome regardless of the cause
-statistically LOC is diff from dis optimism

Question 18

situation specific control =

Answer 18

self efficacy

Question 19

bandura self efficacy

Answer 19

-cog in behavioural change
-social cog theory
-2 cog: self efficacy and outcome expectancy

Question 20

what is self efficacy

Answer 20

conviction one can successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the outcome (determines the effort put into the task and perseverance at a task in the face of obstacles)

Question 21

what is outcome expectancy

Answer 21

estimate that given behaviour will lead to certain outcomes (identifies whether a behaviour will lead to a desired goal)

Question 22

what are the three characteristics of self efficacy

Answer 22

1.magnitude
2.strenght
3.generality

Question 23

magnitude as a characteristic of self efficacy

Answer 23

-tasks ordered according to difficulty
-high efficacy expectancies may encompass more levels of difficulty

Question 24

strength as a characteristic of self efficacy

Answer 24

-strong expectancies associated with greater perseverance in face of barriers
-weak expectancies easily extinguished by barriers to success

Question 25

generality as a characteristic of self efficacy

Answer 25

-efficacy expectancies differ on how general they are
-Can range from highly behaviour/ situation specific through to expectancies generalised across behaviours/ situations

Question 26

where does self efficacy come from

Answer 26

bandura (concept of learning and vicarious reinforcement)
-4 sources of expectancy info
1.performance accomplishments (doing behaviour and exceeding it)
2.vicarious experience (seeing someone else succeed or fail)
3.verbal persuasion (encouragement)
4.emotional arousal

Question 27

bandura research

Answer 27

pp had snake phobia
-cond 1: performance mastery (hands on experience handling a snake)
-cond 2: vicarious experience (watch actor handle a snake)
-post intervention test showed performance mastery was most efficient
-self efficacy was accurate predictor on task performance (handling snake)

Question 27

lefebure et al

Answer 27

-researched self efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis pp
-assessed self efficacy, coping, mood and pain
-higher self efficacy = better adjustment
-high self efficacy = less pain, fewer reports of negative mood, less likely to seek emotional support and higher levels of coping efficacy

Question 28

contrasting self efficacy and LOC

Answer 28

-LOC is product of generalised expectancies
self efficacy is more behaviour specific
-self efficacy emphasises cog of expectancies
LOC = expectancies product of reinforcement

Question 29

self efficacy vs dispositional optimism

Answer 29

-optimism = regardless of cause
-self efficacy tends to be behaviour specific
-optimism is a generalisable concept

Question 30

what are the types of control

Answer 30

fiske and taylor
1. behaviour control: being able to actually act on situ to bring it in line with desires
2.cognitive control: reinterpreting situ more favourably or refocus attention away from the stressor
3.decision control: ability to make choices among an array of possibility
4.information control: ability to gain info about a stressor
5.retrospective control: learning from bad experience to know what to avoid in the future
6.secondary control: ability to relinquish primary control and simply go with the flow