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A&P 2 > RAT 9 > Flashcards

RAT 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what two systems are covered in this chapter? why are they covered together?

A
  • lymphatic and immune system
  • they function together in immunity
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2
Q

what system is technically not a system? why?

A

immune system because it doesn’t contain organs or tissues of its own instead it consist of cells and proteins

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3
Q

what are the main components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic tissue and lymphatic organs
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4
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • regulation of interstitial fluid volume
  • absorption of dietary fats
  • immune functions
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5
Q

what is lymph?

A

interstitial fluid that has exited the extracellular space and extended and entered the lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

what is a lymph collecting vessel?

A

vessels that collects lymph

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7
Q

what is a lymphatic trunk?

A

large vessel made up of lymph collecting vessels

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8
Q

what do the intestinal and lumbar trunks drain into?

A

cisterna chyli

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9
Q

what is drained by the thoracic duct?

A

all of the lower body and the left side of the upper body

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10
Q

what is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A

the right side of the upper body

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11
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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12
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

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13
Q

what structure/mechanisms aid in the flow of lymph?

A
  • lymphatic valves: prevent backward flow of lymph
  • found between contracting muscles, where contracting muscles massage lymph up toward the heart
  • flows through the vessel driven in part by contractions of smooth muscle found in the walls of lymph-collecting vessels
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14
Q

describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries

A

weblike networks that surround blood capillary beds

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15
Q

what is a lacteal?

A

specialized lymphatic capillary that collects fat in the small intestine

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16
Q

name the predominant type of tissue in the lymphatic system.

A

reticular tissue

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17
Q

what is another name for reticular tissue?

A

lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

what cells are found in lymphoid tissue?

A
  • lymphocytes (B & T)
  • phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells)
  • reticular cells
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19
Q

what is MALT?

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
  • loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue
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20
Q

where is MALT found?

A

scattered throughout the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory passage, and the genitourinary tract

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21
Q

what are lymphoid follicles/lymphoid nodules?

A

roughly spherical clusters that consist primarily of B cells

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22
Q

name the three locations where lymphoid follicles are found.

A
  • tonsils
  • peyer’s patches
  • appendix
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23
Q

where are tonsils located?

A

around the oral and nasal cavities

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24
Q

what are the deep indentions in the tonsils called?

A

tonsillar crypts

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25
Q

what is the function of tonsillar crypts?

A

trap bacteria and debris

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26
Q

where are peyer’s patches located?

A

in the last portion of the small intestine (the ileum)

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27
Q

what is the function of peyer’s patches?

A

defend against any bacteria that have escaped from the large intestine

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28
Q

where is the appendix located?

A

located off the large intestine

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29
Q

what is the function of the appendix?

A

defends against bacteria in the large intestine, specifically those that could be pathogenic

30
Q

name some locations where lymph nodes are clustered together.

A
  • axillary lymph nodes
  • cervical lymph nodes
  • inguinal lymph nodes
  • mesentric lymph nodes
31
Q

describe the structure of the lymph node

A
  • small, vaguely bean-shaped clusters of lymphatic tissue
  • interior divided into 2 regions: cortex (outer) and medulla (inner)
32
Q

describe the basic process by which a lymph node filters lymph

A
  • flow into the node through afferent lymphatic vessels into subcapsular sinus into cortical sinuses into medullary into drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels
33
Q

what are “swollen glands”?

A

when a lymph node has swollen due to a pathogen entering and B cells being activated

34
Q

why is the term “swollen glands” technically incorrect?

A

lymph nodes are not glands and they secrete no products

35
Q

what organ protects us from pathogens in the blood?

A

spleen

36
Q

what is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

spleen

37
Q

describe the size and shape of the spleen.

A

purple-brownish organ about the size of a large bar of soap

38
Q

what are the two histological regions of the spleen?

A
  • red pulp
  • white pulp
39
Q

what cells are found in red pulp?

A

macrophages, erythrocytes

40
Q

what cells are found in white pulp?

A

filters pathogens from blood and leukocytes

41
Q

where is white pulp located?

A

surrounds branches of the splenic artery

42
Q

what is the function of white pulp?

A

filters pathogens from the blood

43
Q

what is the primary function of the thymus?

A

generate a population of functional T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens

44
Q

what happens to the thymus as we age?

A
  • atrophy, thymic tissue is gradually replaced with fat
  • T cell production drops
45
Q

what are the three lines of defense against pathogens?

A
  1. cutaneous and mucous membranes that act as surface barriers to block the entry of pathogens into the body
  2. responses of the cells and proteins that make up innate immunity
  3. response of the cells and proteins of adaptive immunity
46
Q

what is innate or nonspecific immunity?

A

responds to all pathogens or classes of pathogen in the same way

47
Q

what is adaptive or specific immunity?

A

respond to unique markers (antigens)

48
Q

what is an antigen?

A

unique markers that distinguish cells

49
Q

what are the two “arms” of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • antibody-mediated immunity
50
Q

what cells carry out cell-mediated immunity?

A

2 types of T cells

51
Q

what cells carry out antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B cells and proteins that produce antibodies

52
Q

which is faster, adaptive immunity or innate immunity?

A

innate immunity

53
Q

does adaptive immunity or innate immunity have “memory”?

A

adaptive immunity

54
Q

what does “memory” mean?

A

exposure to a specific antigen is “remembered” by lymphocytes and antibodies

55
Q

how is skin an effect skin barrier?

A
  • covers nearly every external surface of the body
  • relatively resistant to mechanical stresses (due to keratin)
56
Q

what are mucous membranes?

A

sheet of epithelium and the underlying basement membrane that produces mucus

57
Q

where are mucous membranes located?

A

lines internal hallow organs that open to the outside

58
Q

how are the effect surface barriers of mucous membranes?

A

semi-effective because its thinner and lacks keratin

59
Q

describe the main types of cells and proteins of the immune system

A
  • agranulocytes
  • granulocytes
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • antibodies
  • complement system
  • cytokines
60
Q

explain how the lymphatic system and immune system work together.

A
  • lymphoid organs and tissues provide a residence for cells of the immune system
  • lymphoid organs and tissues trap pathogens for the immune system
  • lymphoid organs activate cells of the immune system
61
Q

list the components of the respiratory system

A
  • nose and nasal cavity
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • brachial tree (bronchi, bronchioles)
62
Q

which components are considered part of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose and nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
63
Q

which components are considered part of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree (bronchi and bronchioles)
  • alveoli
64
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?

A
  • conducting zone
  • respiratory zone
65
Q

what are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

conduits through which air travels on its way in and out of the body as its inspired and expired

66
Q

which structures does the conducting zone include?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
67
Q

what is the primary function of the respiratory zone?

A

where gases are exhanged

68
Q

which structures does the respiratory zone include?

A

structures that contain alveoli

69
Q

define respiration

A

process that provides the body’s cells with oxygen and removes the waste product carbon dioxide

70
Q

list the four parts of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. pulmonary gas exchange
  3. gas transport in the blood
  4. tissue gas exchange
71
Q

define ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

72
Q

besides respiration, what are some other functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • producing speech
  • detecting odors
  • helping to expel contents of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • maintaining acid-base homeostasis
  • assisting in production of angiotensin-II

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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