Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > RAT 14 > Flashcards

RAT 14 Flashcards

1
Q

define excretion

A

process by which waste products are removed from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the basic function of the kidney?

A

filters the blood to remove metabolic wastes and modify the resulting fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the basic function of the urinary tract?

A

transport, store, and eliminate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the kidney shape and location

A
  • shape: kidney bean
  • location: against the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneal membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the organs of the urinary tract?

A

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the functions of the kidneys.

A
  • removal of metabolic wastes
  • maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
  • maintenance of acid-base balance
  • maintenance of blood pressure
  • regulation of erythrocytes
  • performing other metabolic functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what hormone is produced by the kidneys?

A

erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name the three connective layers that surround the kidney and label

A
  • renal fascia (outer)
  • adipose capsule
  • renal capsule (inner)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what enters and exits the kidney at the renal helium?

A

renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define renal sinus

A

made up of the calyces and the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define renal pelvis

A

the inner region of the kidneys that receives urine drained from the major and minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define renal cortex

A

the outer region of the kidneys that consists of blood vessels and most components of a kidneys nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define renal medulla

A

the middle region of the kidney that consists of renal pyramids and renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define renal column

A

extensions of the renal cortex; houses blood vessels that consists of parallel bundles of tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define renal pyramid

A

the triangular component of the renal medulla that consists of parallel bundles of tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and the resulting filtrate is modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define renal corpuscle

A

makes up a nephron; globe-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define renal tubule

A

makes up a nephron; long, snaking tube of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define papilla

A

boarders on the first urine-draining structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define minor calyx

A

cup-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define major calyx

A

where urine from 3 or 4 minor calyces drain into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nephron?

A
  1. the renal corpuscle
  2. the renal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the glomerulus. how is it different from other capillaries?

A
  • a group of looping fenestrated capillaries
  • difference: fenestrations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two layers of the glomerular capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

A
  • parietal layer
  • visceral layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of tissue is the parietal layer?

A

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the name of the cell that forms the visceral layer?

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the name of the space between the two layers?

A

capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

look at the image above and imagine fluid leaking out of the capillary. where would the fluid go?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the fluid in the arterioles called?

A

filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the first region of the renal tubule called?

A

proximal tube

31
Q

what is the function of the proximal tube?

A

reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and organic nutrients

32
Q

what is the next region called?

A

nephron loop

33
Q

what is the name for the two divisions of the nephron loop?

A
  • descending limb
  • ascending limb
34
Q

what tissue type composes the thin region?

A

simple squamous epithelium

35
Q

what tissue type composes the thick region?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

36
Q

what is the third region called?

A

distal tubule

37
Q

which region has a brush border?

A

proximal tubule

38
Q

what two structures are coin into close proximity of each other?

A
  • efferent arteriole
  • afferent arteriole
39
Q

where are the macula densa cells located?

A

at the transition point between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tube

40
Q

where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

41
Q

which direction is the fluid flowing in the collecting system?

A

down

42
Q

what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the beginning?

A

filtrate

43
Q

what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the end?

A

urine

44
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

45
Q

where is the cortical nephron located?

A

outer renal cortex

46
Q

where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?

A

boundary between the renal cortex and the renal medulla

47
Q

when efferent arterioles exit cortical nephrons, what do they form?

A

peritubular capillaries

48
Q

when efferent arterioles exit juxtamedullary nephrons, what do they form?

A

vasa recta

49
Q

what are the three major processes in urine formation?

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
50
Q

where does glomerular filtration take place?

A

glomerular capillaries

51
Q

what is the name for the fluid that exits the glomerulus?

A

filtrate (also known as tubular fluid)

52
Q

what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular reabsorption?

A

out of filtrate back into the blood

53
Q

what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular secretion?

A

from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate

54
Q

what are the two types of organs included in the digestive system?

A
  • organs of the alimentary canal (pharynx, stomach, small and large intestine)
  • accessory organs (teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancreas)
55
Q

what is the alimentary canal? list two other terms for this:

A
  • a continuous passage through which food moves
  • gastrointestinal tract and digestive tract
56
Q

what is the primary function of the digestive system?

A

to take food into the body and break it down into its component nutrients

57
Q

what are some other important functions of the digestive system?

A
  • fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
  • ingesting vitamins and minerals
  • producing hormones
  • excreting metabolic wastes
58
Q

list six basic processes of the digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. secretion
  3. propulsion
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
59
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

rhythmic contractions of layers of smooth muscle that move material through a hollow organ

60
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

digestive organs physically break food down into smaller pieces by chewing and mixing food by movements by the muscles of alimentary canal

61
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

enzymes secreted by digestive organs catalyze reactions that break the chemical bonds within food particles until only small compounds remain

62
Q

what do the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity share?

A

a common set of serous membranes, blood vessels, and nerves

63
Q

what are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
64
Q

where is the parietal peritoneum located?

A

inner surface of the body wall

65
Q

where is the visceral peritoneum located?

A

outer tissue layer of organs

66
Q

describe the peritoneal cavity. what does it contain?

A
  • the narrow space between the visceral and parietal peritoneal
  • serous fluid
67
Q

define intraperitoneal

A

organs located entirely within the peritoneal cavity

68
Q

define retroperitoneal

A

partly or completely outside the peritoneal cavity

69
Q

what membrane forms the mesenteries?

A

visceral peritoneum

70
Q

what is the function of mesenteries?

A

support and bind organs together and keep the small intestine in a particular shape

71
Q

what is the name of the mesentery that is attached to the large intestine?

A

mesocolon

72
Q

what is unique about the greater omentum?

A

it consists of four layers of folded visceral peritoneum

73
Q

where is the greater omentum located?

A

base of the stomach into the pelvis

74
Q

where is the lesser omentum located?

A

medial surface of the stomach to the liver

A&P 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions