RAT 14 Flashcards
define excretion
process by which waste products are removed from the body
what is the basic function of the kidney?
filters the blood to remove metabolic wastes and modify the resulting fluid
what is the basic function of the urinary tract?
transport, store, and eliminate urine
describe the kidney shape and location
- shape: kidney bean
- location: against the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneal membrane
what are the organs of the urinary tract?
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
describe the functions of the kidneys.
- removal of metabolic wastes
- maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
- maintenance of acid-base balance
- maintenance of blood pressure
- regulation of erythrocytes
- performing other metabolic functions
what hormone is produced by the kidneys?
erythropoietin
name the three connective layers that surround the kidney and label
- renal fascia (outer)
- adipose capsule
- renal capsule (inner)
what enters and exits the kidney at the renal helium?
renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, ureter
define renal sinus
made up of the calyces and the renal pelvis
define renal pelvis
the inner region of the kidneys that receives urine drained from the major and minor calyces
define renal cortex
the outer region of the kidneys that consists of blood vessels and most components of a kidneys nephrons
define renal medulla
the middle region of the kidney that consists of renal pyramids and renal columns
define renal column
extensions of the renal cortex; houses blood vessels that consists of parallel bundles of tubules
define renal pyramid
the triangular component of the renal medulla that consists of parallel bundles of tubules
define nephron
functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and the resulting filtrate is modified
define renal corpuscle
makes up a nephron; globe-shaped
define renal tubule
makes up a nephron; long, snaking tube of epithelium
define papilla
boarders on the first urine-draining structure
define minor calyx
cup-shaped
define major calyx
where urine from 3 or 4 minor calyces drain into
what are the two main divisions of the nephron?
- the renal corpuscle
- the renal tubule
describe the glomerulus. how is it different from other capillaries?
- a group of looping fenestrated capillaries
- difference: fenestrations
what are the two layers of the glomerular capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?
- parietal layer
- visceral layer
what type of tissue is the parietal layer?
simple squamous epithelium
what is the name of the cell that forms the visceral layer?
podocytes
what is the name of the space between the two layers?
capsular space
look at the image above and imagine fluid leaking out of the capillary. where would the fluid go?
arterioles
what is the fluid in the arterioles called?
filtrate
what is the first region of the renal tubule called?
proximal tube
what is the function of the proximal tube?
reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and organic nutrients
what is the next region called?
nephron loop
what is the name for the two divisions of the nephron loop?
- descending limb
- ascending limb
what tissue type composes the thin region?
simple squamous epithelium
what tissue type composes the thick region?
simple cuboidal epithelium
what is the third region called?
distal tubule
which region has a brush border?
proximal tubule
what two structures are coin into close proximity of each other?
- efferent arteriole
- afferent arteriole
where are the macula densa cells located?
at the transition point between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tube
where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?
afferent and efferent arterioles
which direction is the fluid flowing in the collecting system?
down
what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the beginning?
filtrate
what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the end?
urine
what are the two types of nephrons?
cortical and juxtamedullary
where is the cortical nephron located?
outer renal cortex
where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?
boundary between the renal cortex and the renal medulla
when efferent arterioles exit cortical nephrons, what do they form?
peritubular capillaries
when efferent arterioles exit juxtamedullary nephrons, what do they form?
vasa recta
what are the three major processes in urine formation?
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
where does glomerular filtration take place?
glomerular capillaries
what is the name for the fluid that exits the glomerulus?
filtrate (also known as tubular fluid)
what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular reabsorption?
out of filtrate back into the blood
what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular secretion?
from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate
what are the two types of organs included in the digestive system?
- organs of the alimentary canal (pharynx, stomach, small and large intestine)
- accessory organs (teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancreas)
what is the alimentary canal? list two other terms for this:
- a continuous passage through which food moves
- gastrointestinal tract and digestive tract
what is the primary function of the digestive system?
to take food into the body and break it down into its component nutrients
what are some other important functions of the digestive system?
- fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- ingesting vitamins and minerals
- producing hormones
- excreting metabolic wastes
list six basic processes of the digestive system
- ingestion
- secretion
- propulsion
- digestion
- absorption
- defecation
what is peristalsis?
rhythmic contractions of layers of smooth muscle that move material through a hollow organ
what is mechanical digestion?
digestive organs physically break food down into smaller pieces by chewing and mixing food by movements by the muscles of alimentary canal
what is chemical digestion?
enzymes secreted by digestive organs catalyze reactions that break the chemical bonds within food particles until only small compounds remain
what do the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity share?
a common set of serous membranes, blood vessels, and nerves
what are the two layers of the peritoneum?
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
where is the parietal peritoneum located?
inner surface of the body wall
where is the visceral peritoneum located?
outer tissue layer of organs
describe the peritoneal cavity. what does it contain?
- the narrow space between the visceral and parietal peritoneal
- serous fluid
define intraperitoneal
organs located entirely within the peritoneal cavity
define retroperitoneal
partly or completely outside the peritoneal cavity
what membrane forms the mesenteries?
visceral peritoneum
what is the function of mesenteries?
support and bind organs together and keep the small intestine in a particular shape
what is the name of the mesentery that is attached to the large intestine?
mesocolon
what is unique about the greater omentum?
it consists of four layers of folded visceral peritoneum
where is the greater omentum located?
base of the stomach into the pelvis
where is the lesser omentum located?
medial surface of the stomach to the liver
