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A&P 2 > RAT 3 > Flashcards

RAT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
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2
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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3
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids?

A

zona glomerulosa

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4
Q

what do mineralocorticoids regulate?

A

concentration of certain minerals in the body

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5
Q

what is the main mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

what is the main role of glucocorticoids?

A

helps mediate the body’s response to stress

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7
Q

what do the glucocorticoids regulate?

A

blood glucose

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8
Q

what is the name of the main glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

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9
Q

what are the three primary targets of cortisol?

A
  • liver, muscle, adipose tissues
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10
Q

what effect does cortisol have in each organ?

A
  • gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • release of amino acid’s from muscle tissue
  • release of fatty acids from adipose tissue
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11
Q

how would each effect help with stress?

A

increases the availability of fuel molecules

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12
Q

what organ produces CRH?

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

what is the target for CRH?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is the effect of CRH?

A

stimulates the release of ACTH

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15
Q

what organ produces ACTH?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what is the target for ACTH?

A

zona fasciculata

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17
Q

what is the effect of ACTH?

A

stimulates cortisol production

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18
Q

what organ produces cortisol?

A

adrenal glands (zona fasciculata)

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19
Q

are platelets cells? if not, what are they?

A

no, small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane

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20
Q

what is a megakaryocyte?

A

cell located in the bone marrow from which platelets are derived

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21
Q

explain how platelets form from megakaryocytes

A

small pieces break off into the cell creating new formed platelets

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22
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

the process by which blood loss is stepped from a damaged blood vessel

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23
Q

what are the five steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
  4. clot formation
  5. thrombolysis
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24
Q

describe the first step of hemostasis?

A

blood vessel diameter is decreases which leads to a local reduction in blood pressure and blood flow

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25
Q

what is the second step of hemostasis?

A

platelets adhere to an injury site and form a platelet pluf

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26
Q

what is the second step of hemostasis?

A

platelets adhere to an injury site and form a platelet plug

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27
Q

what is the primary component of a platelet plug?

A

platelets

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28
Q

why do platelets adhere to an injury site?

A

collagen fibers and chemicals become exposed

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29
Q

factors released by platelets attract nearby ______________ and cause them to ___________________

A
  • platelets
  • clump together
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30
Q

this causes platelets to clump together or ____________

A

aggregate

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31
Q

this aggregation forms the _______________ _________ that temporarily seals an injured vessel.

A

platelet plug

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32
Q

what is the third step of hemostasis?

A

coagulation - where fibrin converts the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass

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33
Q

what is the name of the protein that forms a blood clot?

A

fibrin

34
Q

hat is the inactive form of fibrin called?

A

fibrinogen

35
Q

what is the name of the process of the formation of a blood clot?

A

coagulation

36
Q

what are clotting factors?

A

enzymes produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive forms

37
Q

what are the two pathways of starting the coagulation cascade?

A
  • intrinsic pathway (contact activation pathway)
  • extrinsic pathway (tissue factor pathway)
38
Q

why is the intrinsic pathway named “intrinsic”?

A

all the factors required for it to proceed are located in the blood

39
Q

hat is the first step in the intrinsic pathway?

A

exposed collagen fibers activate factor XII

40
Q

what ion is needed for this coagulation cascade?

A

calcium ions

41
Q

what is the last factor activated in the intrinsic pathway?

A

factor X

42
Q

why is the extrinsic pathway named “extrinsic”?

A

initiated by a factor outside the blood

43
Q

what ion is needed for this coagulation cascade?

A

calcium ions

44
Q

what is the last factor activated in the extrinsic pathway?

A

factor X

45
Q

what is the name of the pathway that continues the coagulation cascade after the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge?

A

common pathway

46
Q

what is the function of prothrombin activator?

A

converts prothrombin into thrombin

47
Q

what is the function of thrombin?

A

turns fibrinogen into fibrin

48
Q

what is the 4th part of hemostasis? describe it.

A

clot retraction: brings the edges of the wounded vessel closer together (like sutures)

49
Q

after healing takes place, what is the name of the process in which are unnecessary clot is dissolved?

A

thrombolysis

50
Q

prostacyclin prevents platelets from sticking to intact blood vessel. what cells produce prostacyclin?

A

endothelial cells

51
Q

where are endothelial cells produced?

A

blood vessels

52
Q

what is an anticoagulant?

A

substances that inhibit coagulation

53
Q

name two anticoagulants.

A
  1. antithrombin-III
  2. heparan sulfate
54
Q

how does antithrombin-III prevent clots?

A

binds and inhibits the activity of both factor Xa and thrombin

55
Q

name a disease caused by a clotting protein deficiency

A

hemophilia A or hemophilia B

56
Q

what is the term for the condition that results in the formation of an inappropriate clot?

A

thrombosis

57
Q

what is the name of the inappropriate clot?

A

thrombus

58
Q

if a piece of the clot breaks off and travels in the blood stream it is known as a ______________________ or an embolus

A

thromboembolus

59
Q

what is the most serious complication of a deep vein thrombosis?

A

pulmonary embolism

60
Q

what are the surface markers found on most cells including RBC’s?

A

antigens

61
Q

what are the two groups of antigens we focus on that are found on RBC’s?

A
  • ABO blood group
  • Rh blood group
62
Q

what are the two antigens in the ABO blood group?

A

antigen A and antigen B

63
Q

what are the four ABO bloof types?

A
  • type A
  • type B
  • type AB
  • type O
64
Q

what antigen is in the Rh blood group?

A

Rh antigen

65
Q

what are the two Rh blood types?

A
  • Rh positive
  • Rh negative
66
Q

what are the eight blood types when ABO and Rh are combined?

A
  • AB+
  • AB-
  • A+
  • A-
  • B+
  • B-
  • O+
  • O-
67
Q

what is agglutination?

A

the clumping together

68
Q

when does agglutination take place?

A

when antibodies interact with bound antigens

69
Q

what ultimately occurs when RBC’s agglutinate?

A

erythrocyte hemolysis

70
Q

antigens on your own cells are recognized as “______________________”

A

self-antigens

71
Q

do you typically produce antibodies that bind to your own antigens? why or why not?

A

no because if you did, your antibodies would bind your own antigens

72
Q

anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are pre-formed. what does that mean?

A

present in the plasma even if the individual has never been exposed to those antigens

73
Q

what blood type has anti-a antibodies?

A

type B

74
Q

what blood type has anti-b antibodies?

A

type A

75
Q

when do anti-Rh antibodies form?

A

only if a person has been exposed to blood containing Rh antigens

76
Q

which vessels supply most of the arterial blood to the head and neck?

A

right and left common carotid arteries

77
Q

what are the two branches of each common carotid artery?

A
  • external carotid artery
  • internal carotid artery
78
Q

what structure does the external carotid artery supply with blood?

A

head and face

79
Q

what structure does the internal carotid artery supply with blood?

A

the brain

80
Q

where is the carotid sinus located?

A
  • ascend through the neck by passing through the transverse foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra
  • branches of the right and left subclavian arteries
81
Q

what do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

the brain

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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