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A&P 2 > RAT 18 > Flashcards

RAT 18 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the countercurrent mechanism system?

A

to conserve water for the body when needed

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2
Q

what two things must be in place for water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts?

A
  • ADH
  • osmotic gradient
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3
Q

what are the three main components of the countercurrent mechanism?

A
  1. counter multiplier of the thick ascending limb establishes the medullary interstitial gradient by pumping NaCl into the interstitial fluid
  2. continued solute reabsorption, including urea cycling, from the filtrate in the medullary collecting ducts adds to the gradient
  3. the countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta allows perfusion of the inner medulla while maintaining the medullary interstitial gradient
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4
Q

urine contains water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes. list four metabolic wastes found in urine.

A
  • urea
  • creatine
  • ammonia
  • uric acid
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5
Q

list and briefly describe 5 factors typically included in a urinalysis

A
  • color: more urochrome (darker yellow) more concentrated
  • translucency: cloudy urine indicates an infection and high number of proteins
  • odor: if urine sits out, bacteria metabolizes the urea and produces ammonia, normal urine has a mild odor
  • Ph: normal ~6, range = 4.5 - 8
  • specific gravity: deionized water = 1.0 range = 1.001 (very hydrated) - 1.035 (very concentrated)
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6
Q

name four substances that are commonly tested for that should not be present in the urine in any significant amount.

A
  • blood
  • protein
  • leukocytes
  • glucose
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7
Q

what is renal clearance?

A

measure of the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood

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8
Q

explain why a substance should be completely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted to provide an accurate measure of renal clearance and the GFR

A
  • substance secreted by renal tubules have a renal clean > their GFR
  • substances that are reabsorbed have a renal clearance < their GFR
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9
Q

what is creatine?

A

a waste product of the metabolism of muscle and other cells

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10
Q

creatine is often used to check for renal clearance. how could this potentially provide inaccurate results?

A

between 15-50% of creatine in the urine arrived via secretion not filtration

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11
Q

what is insulin? why can it be used to measure GFR?

A

complex carbohydrate found in plants that is filtered by the glomerulus but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the renal tubule or collecting system

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12
Q

list all organs in the urinary tract

A
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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13
Q

what organs are connected by the ureters?

A

kidneys to urinary bladder

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14
Q

are the ureters retroperitoneal?

A

yes

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15
Q

list the three layers of the ureter.

A
  • adventitia
  • muscularis
  • mucosa
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16
Q

what tissue type composes the muscularis?

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is the function of the muscularis?

A

propel urine toward the urinary bladder

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18
Q

what tissue type lines the lumen of the ureter?

A

transitional epithelium

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19
Q

what is the benefit of transitional epithelium?

A

allows epithelium to expand and recoil

20
Q

where in the bladder does the ureter connect?

A

bladder wall at the urethral openings

21
Q

list the three layers of the urinary bladder.

A
  • adventitia
  • detrusor muscle
  • mucosa
22
Q

what is the name of the muscle in the urinary bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

23
Q

how many layers of muscles are in the urinary bladder?

A

3

24
Q

what is the name of the muscle found around the urethra opening?

A

internal urethral spincter

25
Q

what epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

26
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds of mucosa

27
Q

what marks the three corners of the trigone?

A
  • 2 ureteral orifices
  • internal urethral orifice
28
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

drains urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

29
Q

what is the additional function that the urethra has in males?

A

production of semen

30
Q

name the two openings of the urethra.

A
  • internal urethral orifice
  • external urethral orifice (between vagina and clitoris)
31
Q

what are the two sphincters of the urinary bladder? which is voluntary?

A
  • internal urethral sphincter
  • external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
32
Q

what are the three regions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy urethra
33
Q

define micturition

A

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

34
Q

describe the sphincters involved in micturition

A
  • external urethral sphincter - as children mature, the brain gains control over this sphincter
  • when not appropriate internal and external sphincters remain closed
35
Q

what is the function of the oral cavity?

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • propulsion
  • secretion
36
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

propulsion

37
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A
  • propulsion
  • limited secretion
38
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A
  • propulsion
  • chemical digestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • secretion
  • limited absorption
39
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • chemical digestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • absorption
  • secretion
  • propulsion
40
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins
  • propulsion
  • limited secretion
  • defecation
41
Q

what is the function of the teeth?

A

mechanical digestion (mastification)

42
Q

what is the function of the tongue?

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • propulsion
  • sense of taste
43
Q

what is the function of the salivary glands?

A
  • secrete saliva
  • chemical digestion of carbohydrates
44
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A
  • secretes enzymes that catalyze chemical digestion of lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme
45
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • excretion
46
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A
  • mechanical digestion

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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