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A&P 2 > RAT 5 > Flashcards

RAT 5 Flashcards

1
Q

the point of the heart, points toward the left hip

A

apex

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2
Q

the superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins and pump blood into the ventricles

A

atria

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3
Q

the inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump blood into arteries

A

ventricles

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4
Q

an external indention found at the boundary between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular sulcus

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5
Q

depression located between the right and left ventricles

A

interventricular sulcus

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6
Q

the main arteries that transport toward and away from the heart

A

great vessels

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7
Q

which circuit operates at a higher blood pressure?

A

systemic circuit

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8
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circuit?

A

between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the systemic circuit?

A

between tissues and blood in the systemic capillaries

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10
Q

what are some other functions of the heart?

A
  • help maintain homeostasis of blood pressure
  • produce atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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11
Q

what membranous structure surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

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12
Q

what are the two layers that compose the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous layer
  • serous layer
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13
Q

describe the fibrous pericardium

A
  • tough, outer layer that attaches the heart and surrounding structures
  • composed of collagen bundles
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14
Q

what are the two layers that compose the serous pericardium?

A
  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
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15
Q

where is the parietal pericardium found?

A

fused to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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16
Q

where is the visceral pericardium found?

A

most superficial layer of the pericardium

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17
Q

the pericardial cavity is located between which two layers

A

parietal and visceral pericardia

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18
Q

what is the name of the most superficial layer of the heart (this layer as two names)?

A
  • visceral pericardium
  • epicardium
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19
Q

what is the thickest layer of the heart wall?

A

myocardium

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20
Q

what composes the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton

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21
Q

what is the deepest layer of the heart wall?

A

endocardium

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22
Q

what tissue composes the endocardium?

A

endothelium

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23
Q

what other structure is lined with endothelium?

A

blood vessels

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24
Q

what are the great vessels?

A

largest vessels that bring blood to and away from the heart

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25
Q

name the 4 great vessel

A
  • major systemic veins (superior and inferior vena cava)
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
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26
Q

which of the great vessels carry oxygenated blood?

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
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27
Q

which of the great vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

A
  • major systemic veins
  • pulmonary trunk
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28
Q

which cambers have thicker walls? why?

A

ventricles because it makes them much stronger pumps, which is needed to generate the pressure that pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits

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29
Q

what are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

right and left atria

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30
Q

what is an auricle?

A

a muscular pouch that expands to give the atria more space in which to hold blood

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31
Q

what are pectinate muscles? where are they located?

A

muscular ridges on the interior surface of the anterior atria, particularly the right atrium

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32
Q

what separates the left and right atria?

A

interatrial septum

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33
Q

what is the name of the hole in this wall that is present in the fetal heart?

A

foramen ovale

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34
Q

what is the name of the indentation that marks where this hole was?

A

fossa ovalis

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35
Q

which ventricle has a thicker wall? why?

A

left because it has to pump against a greater resistance creating more muscle mass

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36
Q

what are trabeculae carneae?

A

a ridged surface created by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle tissue

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37
Q

where are trabeculae carneae?

A

located in both ventricles

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38
Q

what are papillary muscles? where are they located?

A

projections of muscle from the right and left ventricular walls that attach to the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae

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39
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

fibrous cords that attach papillary muscles to cusps of the atrioventricular valves

40
Q

chordae tendineae span between what two structures?

A

atria and ventricles

41
Q

what is the fucntion of chordae tendineae?

A

ensure valves work properly

42
Q

what separates the two ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

43
Q

what is the function of a heart valve?

A

to prevent blood from being pushed back into the atria and to prevent it from flowing backward into the ventricles

44
Q

what are the two types of heart valves?

A
  • atrioventricular valves
  • semilunar valves
45
Q

where are atrioventricular valves located?

A

between the atria and the ventricles

46
Q

where are the semilunar valves located?

A

between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

47
Q

where is the bicupsid valve located?

A

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

48
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

49
Q

is the tricuspid valve an AV or SL valve?

50
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

51
Q

is the pulmonary valve an AV or SL valve?

52
Q

where is the aortic valve located?

A

between the L ventricle and the aorta

53
Q

is the aortic valve an AV or SL valve?

54
Q

which valves have chordae tendineae attached?

A

the AV valves

55
Q

what is the function of chordae tendineae?

A

to keep the valves closed

56
Q

what are the two main branches of the left coronary arteries?

A
  • anterior interventricular artery
  • circumflex artery
57
Q

what is the main branch of the right coronary artery?

A

marginal artery

58
Q

where does the right coronary artery travel after that branch?

A

posterior interventricular artery

59
Q

where is the coronary sinus located?

A

on the posterior side of the heart

60
Q

what three veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
61
Q

define collateral circulation

A

alternate routes of blood flow

62
Q

how would collateral circulation be beneficial if there was a blockage of a coronary artery?

A

help to protect the muscle cells from damage that could result from blocked vessels

63
Q

the collective term for the body’s blood vessels

A

vasculature

64
Q

describe capillaries

A

the vasculature’s exchange system through which oxygen, nutrients, water, and waste are exchanged between the blood and the cells

65
Q

describe arteries

A

the vasculature’s distribution system

66
Q

describe veins

A

the vasculature’s collective system

67
Q

define lumen

A

the space enclosed by a hallow organ

68
Q

what is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

A

tunica intima

69
Q

what composes the tunica intima?

A

composed of endothelium

70
Q

describe the endothelium

A

consist of a sheet of simple squamous epithelium and it s basal lamina

71
Q

what is the middle layer of a blood vessel wall?

A

tunica media

72
Q

what component of the tunica media allows blood vessels to change size?

A

external elastic lamina

73
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

narrowing the diameter of the vessel

74
Q

define vasodilation

A

vessel diameter increasing

75
Q

what is the outer layer of a blood vessel wall?

A

tunica externa

76
Q

what composes the tunica externa?

A

dense irregular collagenous CT

77
Q

what are the vaso vasora?

A

tiny vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the larger blood vessels, who are too far away to receive it otherwise

78
Q

where are the vaso vasora found?

A

within the blood vessel walls

79
Q

what are the largest-diameter arteries called?

A

elastic arteries

80
Q

what is the reason for the name elastic arteries?

A

elastic arteries having a very extensive elastic lamina

81
Q

what is an example of an elastic artery?

82
Q

which arteries are generally intermediate in diameter?

A

muscular arteries

83
Q

what is the reason for the name muscular arteries?

A

strong intermediate, well-developed

84
Q

what is an example of a muscular artery?

A

most branches off the aorta

85
Q

what are the smallest arteries called?

A

arterioles

86
Q

define metarteriole

A

directly feed capillary beds in most tissues

87
Q

define precapillary sphincter

A

confines metarterioles and encircles the merarteriole-capillary junction

88
Q

what is another function of arteries?

A
  • monitoring blood pressure
  • detecting the concentration of certain chemicals in the blood
89
Q

what are pressure receptors called?

A

baroreceptors

90
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A
  • aorta
  • common carotid artery
91
Q

why are veins called blood reservoirs?

A

up to 70% of the total blood in the body is located in the veins at any given moment

92
Q

describe how veins typically appear in a histological cross section. why?

A

collapsed because veins typically have much thinner walls, fewer elastic fibers, less smooth muscle, and larger lumens than arteries

93
Q

what are the smallest veins called?

94
Q

why do veins contain valves, but arteries do not?

A

prevent blood from flowing backward in the venous circuit; blood flow is strongly opposed by gravity

95
Q

define anastomoses

A

locations where vessels connect via pathways (collateral vessel)

96
Q

what are the three types of anastomoses?

A
  • venous anastomosis
  • arterial anastomosis
  • arteriovenous anastomosis
97
Q

what is the most common type of anastomoses?

A

venous anastomosis

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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