RAT 11 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
what is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
A
- innate is quick and a generic response
- adaptive responds to specific antigens and has memory
2
Q
what are the two types of adaptive immunity?
A
- cell-mediated
- antibody-mediated
3
Q
which cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
A
- helper T cells (Th cells)
- cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
4
Q
what is an antigen?
A
substance that B or T cells recognize
5
Q
what are antigens on your own cells called?
A
self antigens
6
Q
do self antigens typically generate an immune response?
A
no
7
Q
what a haptens?
A
very small antigens that are immunogenic only if they attach to a protein carrier
8
Q
what is an exogenous antigen?
A
originates outside the cell and must be taken into the cell by phagocytosis
9
Q
what is an endogenous antigen?
A
foreign antigen present on a pathogen that lives inside your cell or a foreign or self antigen encoded by your DNA
10
Q
where are T cells formed?
A
bone marrow
11
Q
where do T cells mature?
A
thymus
12
Q
what are clones?
A
each population of T cells that can respond to a specific antigen
13
Q
newly formed T cells are screened. what two tests must they pass in order to not be destroyed?
A
- immunocompetent
- self tolerance
14
Q
T cells cannot directly interact with an antigen, rather a portion of the antigen must be bound to a glycoprotein known as a ________________________
A
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
15
Q
what do T cells bind before becoming activated?
A
co-stimulator
16
Q
what happen when T cells become activated?
A
clone proliferators and differentiates into effector cells and memory T cells
17
Q
list three primary functions of helper T cells.
A
- stimulation of macrophages (innate)
- activation of Tc cells (adaptive)
- stimulation of B cells (adaptive)
18
Q
describe the primary function of cytotoxic T cells
A
kill other cells, specifically those with foreign antigens bound to class I MHC molecules
19
Q
do cytotoxic T cells require helper T cells for activation?
A
yes
20
Q
what are memory T cells?
A
- responsible for cell-mediated immunological memory
- respond more quickly and efficiently to subsequent exposures to an antigen
21
Q
what is another term for antibody-mediated immunity?
A
humoral immunity
22
Q
what cells and what proteins does it involve?
A
- B cells
- antigens
23
Q
where do B cells develop?
A
bone marrow (lymphoid cell line)
24
Q
where do mature B cells reside?
A
remain in bone marrow (only 10% finish maturation process)
25
what are plasma cells?
secrete antibodies
26
what are memory B cells?
long-lived cells that do not secrete antibodies but will respond to antigens upon a second exposure
27
how many antigen-binding sites are found on an antibody monomer?
2
28
what mnemonic will help you remember the types of antibodies?
GAMED
29
around how many types of antibodies are found in humans?
5
30
what are the five functions of antibodies?
1. agglutination & precipitation
2. opsonization
3. neutralization
4. complement activation
5. stimulation of inflammation
31
describe the primary immune response
- first time you are exposed to an antigen
- B cell specific for that antigen recognizes it, the activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma and memory B cells, plasma cells begin to secrete antibodies
- main antibody: IgM
32
describe the secondary immune response
- second exposure to the same antigen
- memory B cells encounter the antigen for which they are specific too
- main antibody; IgG
33
what are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
- inspiration
- expiration
34
what causes air to enter and exit the lungs?
difference in pressure gradients, movement for higher pressure to lower pressure
35
how is pressure related to volume?
- as volume increases, the pressure of gas decreases
- volume decreases, pressure increases
36
when you pull up on a syringe, the volume ___________ and the pressure ____________ as a result air flow _____ the syringe
- increases
- decreases
- into
37
what is the atmospheric pressure?
created by the pull of gravity on the air around us
38
what is intrapulmonary pressure?
air pressure within the alveoli
39
does intrapulmonary pressure change or is it static?
changes with inspiration and expiration
40
intrapulmonary pressure will eventually equalize with _________________
atmospheric pressure
41
what is intrapleural pressure?
pressure found within the pleural cavity
42
does intrapleural pressure change or is it static?
change
43
does intrapleural pressure equalize with atmospheric pressure? why or why not?
no because it is normally about 4 mmHg less than intrapulmonary pressure due to the slight suction effect created by the tendency of the lung to collapse
44
what happens if the intrapleural pressure increases to a level at or above atmospheric pressure? what can cause this?
- the intrapleural pressure no longer exerts a suction effect that prevents the lungs from collapsing causing the lungs to collapse
- excess expiration
45
air in the pleural cavity causes a condition known as __________
pheumothorax
46
how can the lungs change volume if they lack skeletal muscle tissue?
- they rely on inspiratory muscles
- these muscles increase the size of the thoracic cavity which indirectly increases the volume of the lungs
47
what is the shape of the relaxed diaphragm?
dome-shaped
48
what is the shape of the diaphragm when it contracts?
flat
49
what shape will lead to greater volume in the thoracic cavity?
flat
50
which muscles pull the ribcage upward and outward?
external intercostal muscles
51
what is the name for the group of muscles that contract when a person inhales more forcefully?
- accessory muscles of inspiration
= example: internal intercostal, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, serratus anterior muscle, erector spinae muscle group
52
what is the name for the group of muscles that contract when a person exhales more forcefully?
- accessory muscle of expiration
- examples: internal intercostal, abdominal, certain back muscles
53
which muscles are required for a normal exhalation?
no muscle contraction required
54
what happens to the lungs when the inspiratory muscles relax?
1. diaphragm resumes its original dome shape, which pushes up the lungs
2. elastic tissue in the lungs recoils
55
describe the Heimlich maneuver and the reason for performing it
- slapping a person on the back or delivering abdominal thrust that push on the diaphragm
- hope that forceful expiration will dislodge the obstruction
56
gradients determine the direction of movement of air, but other factors can influence the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation. list three important factors.
- airway resistance
- alveolar surface tension
- pulmonary compliance
57
how does bronchodilation impact airway resistance and air flow?
increase diameter causes decrease airway resistance
58
what can cause bronchodilation?
neurons of the sympathetic NS release norepinephrine during exercise or emergency which triggers bronchodilation
59
how does bronchoconstriction impact airway resistance and air flow?
decrease diameter, cause dramatic increase in resistance
60
what can cause bronchoconstriction?
triggered by inhaled irritations that active parasympathetic neurons
61
what are some other ways that air resistance is increased?
- tumor
- bacterial and viral diseases
- abnormal amount of mucous
62
what is surface tension? how is this related to polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in water?
visible film on the top of a water-based solution resulting from the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules
63
what is present in lungs to decrease surface tension?
surfactant
64
what produces surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
65
what is pulmonary compliance?
the ability of the lungs and the chest wall to stretch
66
list three factors that determine pulmonary compliance
1. degree of alveolar surface tension
2. distensibility of elastic tissue in the lungs
3. ability of the chest wall to move
67
what are some things that can decrease pulmonary compliance?
- disease that decrease surfactant production
- anything that damages the lungs
- tuberculosis
- coal dust
68
what is a spirometer?
instrument that measures the volumes of air that a person exchanges in each breath
69
what are the four pulmonary volumes?
1. tidal volume
2. inspiratory reserve volume
3. expiratory reserve volume
4. residual volume
70
describe tidal volume.
amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet ventilation
71
what is a typical value for tidal volume?
~ 500 mL
72
what is the minute volume.
total volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs each minute
73
what is the anatomical dead space?
the air that remains in the conducting zone airways
74
describe the inspiratory reserve volume.
the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal tidal inspiration
75
describe the expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration
76
describe the residual volume.
the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
77
list the four pulmonary capacities
1. inspiratory capacity
2. functional residual capacity
3. vital capacity
4. total lung capacity
78
describe inspiratory capacity.
total amount of air that a person can inspire after a tidal expiration
79
describe functional residual capacity.
amount of air that is normally left in the lungs after a tidal expiration
80
describe vital capacity.
total amount of exchangeable air
81
describe total lung capacity.
total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in the lungs
82
what is a typical volume for total lung capacity?
- female: 4200 mL
- male: 6000 mL
