Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > RAT 10 > Flashcards

RAT 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

the process by which cells ingest particles and other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the four phagocytic cells that provide innate immunity?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

macrophages form from which cell?

A

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens to pathogens after they are ingested by macrophages?

A

macrophage breaks it down by mixing it with enzymes stored in lysosomes, then excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of NK cells?

A
  • recognize cancerous cells and cells infected with certain viruses even though they cant recognize antigens
  • activates macrophages and enhances phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the complement system?

A

a group of proteins that function in innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the five ways that activated complement proteins provide protection against pathogens?

A
  • cell lysis
  • enhanced inflammation
  • neutralized viruses
  • enhanced phagocytosis
  • clearance of immune complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a cytokine?

A

proteins produced by several types of immune cells that enhance the immune response in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name the three types of cytokines.

A
  • tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
  • interferons (IFN)
  • interleukins (IL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

A

can induce death of tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of interferons (IFN)?

A

“interfere” in the ability of the pathogen to infect other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of interleukins (IL)?

A

stimulates production of neutrophils by the bone marrow, stimulates NK cells, activating T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is inflammation?

A

the immune system’s response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxic compounds, or irradiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two stages of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. damaged cells release inflammatory mediators that cause local changed in the damaged tissue
  2. phagocytes arrive at the area and clean up the damaged tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. vasodilation of arterioles
  2. increased capillary permeability
  3. occurrence of pain
  4. recruitment of other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the role of phagocytes in the inflammatory response

A

destroy pathogenic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a fever?

A

body temperature above the normal range (>97-99)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what chemicals initiate a fever?

A

pyrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the body’s thermostat located?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the benefit of fever?

A

phagocytes function more efficiently at a slightly higher temperature, which helps to increase the recovery rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

list functions of the nose and nasal cavity

A
  • warm and humidify the inhaled air
  • filter out debris from inhaled air and secrete antibacterial substances
  • house olfactory receptors
  • enhance the resonance of the voice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the nose if formed by paired __________ bones and ________________ cartilage

A
  • nasal
  • lateral and alar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the anatomical term for the nostrils?

A

anterior nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the name for the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?

A

posterior nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the name of the most anterior part of the nasal cavity?

A

vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name the three bony projections in the nasal cavity and the bone associated with each of them.

A
  • superior nasal conchae (ethmoid bone)
  • middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone)
  • inferior nasal conchae (independent bones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

name the three narrow passages through the nasal cavity

A
  • superior nasal meatuses
  • middle nasal meatuses
  • inferior nasal meatuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the hallow cavities that are not connected to the nasal cavity via small passage ways?

A

paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in which bones are paranasal sinuses located?

A
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
  • maxillary bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

warm, humidify, filter the air, lighten the skill, enhance voice resonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what tissue lines the vestibule? how is this tissue related to its function?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • enables it to be more resistant to mechanical stressors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what tissue lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? what is its function?

A
  • olfactory mucosa
  • houses olfactory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe the tissue that is known as respiratory epithelium or respiratory mucosa

A
  • composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • function: air filtration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what tissue lines the remainder of the nasal cavity? what is the name for this tissue? describe how this is an example of form follow function.

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • respiratory mucosa
  • foreign cells get trapped in the mucous made by the goblet cells and the cilia beat in unison to propel to debris and mucous to the posterior nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what interesting phenomenon occurs every 30 minutes in your nasal cavity?

A

the side filled with blood switches and air flows through the previously obstructed side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the most superior portion of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what tissue lines the nasopharynx?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what demarcates the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

uvala and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the 2nd portion of the pharynx?

A

oropharynx

40
Q

what tissue lines the oropharynx and why?

A
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • because food and air passes through
41
Q

what demarcates the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

uvula to epiglottis

42
Q

what is the most inferior portion of the pharynx that extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

A

laryngopharynx

43
Q

what tissue lines the laryngopharynx and why?

A
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • because food and air passes through
44
Q

what does the laryngopharynx open up to anteriorly?

A

larynx

45
Q

describe the function of the larynx

A

keeps food and liquids out of the rest of the respiratory tract and houses the vocal cords

46
Q

describe the location of the larynx

A

anterior to the esophagus and extends from about the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae

47
Q

what is the largest cartilage of the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage

48
Q

what is the common name for thyroid cartilage?

A

“adam’s apple”

49
Q

what type of cartilage composes thyroid cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

50
Q

what is the glottis?

A

the opening between the vocal cords of the larynx through which air passes

51
Q

what covers the glottis during swallowing?

A

epiglottis

52
Q

what type of cartilage composes the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

53
Q

what unpaired cartilage of the larynx is located inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

A

cricoid cartilage

54
Q

what type of cartilage composes cricoid cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

55
Q

what are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilage
  • cuneiform cartilage
56
Q

where are the vestibular folds located?

A

inner surface of the larynx

57
Q

what cartilages do the vestibular folds attach to?

A

arytenoid and thyroid cartilage

58
Q

what is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

close off the glottis during swallowing

59
Q

where are the vocal folds located?

A

inferior to the vestibular folds

60
Q

what cartilages do the vocal folds attach to?

A

arytenoid and thyroid cartilage

61
Q

what is the function of the vocal folds?

A

production of sound

62
Q

when do the vocal folds produce a low pitch sound?

A

the vocal ligaments are more abducted because they are looser and vibrate more rapidly

63
Q

when do the vocal folds produce a high pitch sound?

A

vocal ligaments are tightly adducted because they are tense and vibrate more rapidly

64
Q

where is the trachea located?

A

inferior part of the neck and extends to the mediastinum

65
Q

what type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage

66
Q

describe the shape of the cartilage found in the trachea

A

rings in a c-shape

67
Q

what is found on the posterior surface of the trachea? what is the benefit of this?

A
  • elastic CT and a band of smooth muscle
  • allows the esophagus to expand during swallowing
68
Q

what is found on the inferior end of the trachea? what is its function?

A
  • carina
  • triggers a violent cough reflex if any foreign material comes in contact with them
69
Q

describe the layers that compose the wall of the trachea

A
  • mucosa (inner): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • submucosa: loose CT
  • adventitia (outer): dense irregular CT
70
Q

what is the bronchial tree?

A

a series of progressively smaller passages that terminate in tiny alveoli

71
Q

the trachea divides into what two structures?

A
  • right and left primary bronchi
72
Q

what do the primary bronchi divide into?

A

secondary bronchi

73
Q

how many secondary bronchi are found in the left lung?

A

2

74
Q

how many secondary bronchi are found in the right lung?

A

3

75
Q

what do secondary bronchi divide into?

A

tertiary bronchi

76
Q

how many tertiary bronchi are found in the lungs?

A

10 in each = 20 total
*left lung may have 1 or 2 fever than the right

77
Q

what histological changes occur as the bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller passageways?

A
  • cartilage changes from c-shaped to complete rings, and then to irregular plates that are progressively fewer in number
  • epithelium gradually changes from respiratory epithelium in the larger bronchi to columnar cells that become progressively shorter in smaller bronchi
  • amount of smooth muscle gradually increases
78
Q

describe bronchioles

A
  • smallest airway of the bronchial tree
  • less than 1 mm in diameter and lack cartilage
  • thicker ring of smooth muscle and simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia and few, if any, goblet cells
79
Q

what is the last structure in the conducting zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

80
Q

what is the first structure in the respiratory zone? why is it considered part of the respiratory system?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • contain alveoli budding off their walls
81
Q

the respiratory bronchioles branch into what structures?

A

alveolar ducts

82
Q

what is found at the end of the bronchial tree?

A

alveolar saces

83
Q

describe the structure of the cells that are found in the alveolus

A
  • type 1
  • type 2
  • alveolar macrophages
84
Q

what is the function of type 1 cells found in the alveolus?

A

(90%) squamous; rapid diffusion of gas across plasma membrane

85
Q

what is the function of type 2 cells found in the alveolus?

A

(10%) small cubodial; help to reduce surface tension on the alveoli

86
Q

what is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

phagocytes derived from cells formed in bone marrow, clean up and digest spare debris

87
Q

what is the respiratory membrane?

A

the barrier through which gases must diffuse

88
Q

what are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • type 1 alveolar cells
  • basal lamina of the type 1 alveolar cells
  • capillary endothelial cells
89
Q

it takes about 100 respiratory membranes to equal the thickness of one human hair. what is the benefit of having such a thin membrane?

A

makes pulmonary gas exchange a very efficient process

90
Q

the surface area is around the size of a racquetball court. what is the benefit of all that surface area?

A

large surface makes pulmonary gas exchange a very efficient process

91
Q

each tertiary bronchi serves a ___________________________________

A

bronchopulmonary segment

92
Q

what vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

93
Q

what vessel carries oxygenated blood to the lungs? this vessel is part of which circuit?

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • systemic circuit
94
Q

the lungs are located in the ___________________________ cavity and are surround by the ____________________ cavities

A
  • pleural
  • pericardial
95
Q

the pleural cavity is located between which two membranes?

A
  • partieal pleura
  • visceral pleura
96
Q

what fluid is found inside the pleural cavity?

A

pleural fluid

97
Q

what is the function of pleural fluid and the pleural cavity?

A

lubricates the lungs as they expand and contract reducing friction

A&P 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions