RAT 4 Flashcards
where is the pancreas located?
in the abdominal cavity, mostly posterior to the stomach
describe the shape of the pancreas.
club shaped organ
what are the regions of the pancreas?
- head
- body
- tail
what are the two groups of cells in the pancreas?
- pancreatic islets (endocrine cells)
- acinar cells (exocrine cells)
what do alpha cells produce?
glucagon
what do beta cells produce?
insulin
where is the thymus located?
in the mediastinum
what are the gonads in males?
testes
what are the gonads in females?
ovaries
what do gonads produce?
sperm (male) and ova (female)
where is the pineal gland located?
part of the epithalamus, the diencephalon’s posterior portion
what are some examples of common stressors?
- excitement
- mild exercise
what is another term for leukocytes?
white blood cells (WBCs)
where do leukocytes typically function?
within nearly all tissues in the body
what are the two basic varieties of WBC’s?
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
what features make granulocytes recognizable?
- unusual nuclei (single nucleus with multiple lobes connected by a thin band)
name three granulocytes.
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
how many lobes are typically found in a neutrophil nucleus?
3-5
what is the primary function of neutrophils?
active phagocyte that ingest and destroy bacterial cells
with a typical blood smear stain, what color are eosinophil granules?
red
how many lobes are in a typical eosinophil nucleus?
2
what is the primary function of eosinophils?
response to infection with parasitic worms and in allergic reactions
describe the appearance of basophils?
dark-blue-purple
what is the primary function of basophils?
mediate inflammation
what are the two types of agranulocytes?
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
describe the shape of a typical lymphocyte nucleus.
large, spherical nuclei
what are the two types of lymphocytes?
- B lymphocyte (B cells)
- T lymphocyte (T cells)
what do activated B lymphocytes produce?
antibodies
what is the primary function of T lymphocytes?
activate other components of the immune system and directly destroy abnormal body cells
what is the shape of a typical monocyte nucleus?
U-shaped
what do monocytes differentiate into?
macrophages
what is the function of macrophages?
ingest dead and dying cells, bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris
which four vessels supply the brain with arterial blood?
- two internal carotid arteries
- two vessels called vertebral arteries
what artery is formed when the two vertebral arteries merge?
basilar artery
what two vessels are formed at the terminal end of the basilar artery?
posterior cerebral arteries
these two vessels are connected by the posterior communicating artery to the L&R ____________ carotid arteries
internal
what is a CVA?
cerebrovascular accident
what is another term for CVA?
stroke
what causes a CVA?
a disruption of the blood flow to the brain
