RAT 4

Question 1

where is the pancreas located?

Answer 1

in the abdominal cavity, mostly posterior to the stomach

Question 2

describe the shape of the pancreas.

Answer 2

club shaped organ

Question 3

what are the regions of the pancreas?

Answer 3

• head
• body
• tail

Question 4

what are the two groups of cells in the pancreas?

Answer 4

• pancreatic islets (endocrine cells)
• acinar cells (exocrine cells)

Question 5

what do alpha cells produce?

Answer 5

glucagon

Question 6

what do beta cells produce?

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

where is the thymus located?

Answer 7

in the mediastinum

Question 8

what are the gonads in males?

Answer 8

testes

Question 9

what are the gonads in females?

Answer 9

ovaries

Question 10

what do gonads produce?

Answer 10

sperm (male) and ova (female)

Question 11

where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 11

part of the epithalamus, the diencephalon’s posterior portion

Question 12

what are some examples of common stressors?

Answer 12

• excitement
• mild exercise

Question 13

what is another term for leukocytes?

Answer 13

white blood cells (WBCs)

Question 14

where do leukocytes typically function?

Answer 14

within nearly all tissues in the body

Question 15

what are the two basic varieties of WBC’s?

Answer 15

• granulocytes
• agranulocytes

Question 16

what features make granulocytes recognizable?

Answer 16

• unusual nuclei (single nucleus with multiple lobes connected by a thin band)

Question 17

name three granulocytes.

Answer 17

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

Question 18

how many lobes are typically found in a neutrophil nucleus?

Answer 18

3-5

Question 19

what is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 19

active phagocyte that ingest and destroy bacterial cells

Question 20

with a typical blood smear stain, what color are eosinophil granules?

Answer 20

red

Question 21

how many lobes are in a typical eosinophil nucleus?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

what is the primary function of eosinophils?

Answer 22

response to infection with parasitic worms and in allergic reactions

Question 23

describe the appearance of basophils?

Answer 23

dark-blue-purple

Question 24

what is the primary function of basophils?

Answer 24

mediate inflammation

Question 25

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 25

• lymphocytes
• monocytes

Question 26

describe the shape of a typical lymphocyte nucleus.

Answer 26

large, spherical nuclei

Question 27

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 27

• B lymphocyte (B cells)
• T lymphocyte (T cells)

Question 28

what do activated B lymphocytes produce?

Answer 28

antibodies

Question 29

what is the primary function of T lymphocytes?

Answer 29

activate other components of the immune system and directly destroy abnormal body cells

Question 30

what is the shape of a typical monocyte nucleus?

Answer 30

U-shaped

Question 31

what do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 31

macrophages

Question 32

what is the function of macrophages?

Answer 32

ingest dead and dying cells, bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris

Question 33

which four vessels supply the brain with arterial blood?

Answer 33

• two internal carotid arteries
• two vessels called vertebral arteries

Question 34

what artery is formed when the two vertebral arteries merge?

Answer 34

basilar artery

Question 35

what two vessels are formed at the terminal end of the basilar artery?

Answer 35

posterior cerebral arteries

Question 36

these two vessels are connected by the posterior communicating artery to the L&R ____________ carotid arteries

Answer 36

internal

Question 37

what is a CVA?

Answer 37

cerebrovascular accident

Question 38

what is another term for CVA?

Answer 38

stroke

Question 39

what causes a CVA?

Answer 39

a disruption of the blood flow to the brain