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A&P 2 > RAT 8 > Flashcards

RAT 8 Flashcards

1
Q

why is blood pressure so tightly regulated?

A

in order to constantly meet the body’s blood flow needs

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2
Q

which branch of the nervous system is primarily responsible for changes in blood pressure?

A

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic NS)

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3
Q

describe how the sympathetic changes leads to changes in blood pressure.

A
  • increase in heart rate and contractility which leads to increased cardiac output
  • vasoconstriction of arterioles which increases peripheral resistance
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4
Q

which hormones are released onto the target organs in the sympathetic NS?

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
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5
Q

describe how the parasympathetic nervous system leads to changes in blood pressure.

A
  • slows heart rate, mild effect on contractility which decreases cardiac output and blood pressure
  • vasodilation and decrease in peripheral resistance
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6
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve?

A

acetylcholine

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7
Q

what is the major cranial nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

vagus nerve

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8
Q

what impact will acetylcholine have on the heart?

A

slows heart rate and effect contractility mildly

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9
Q

does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate blood vessels?

A

no

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10
Q

explain how the parasympathetic nervous system impacts blood pressure if it does not innervate blood vessel.

A

autonomic centers in the brainstem increase the firing of parasympathetic neurons while inhibiting the firing of sympathetic neurons

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11
Q

what are the receptors that detect blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

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12
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A
  • within the vessels
  • common carotid artery and aortic artery
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13
Q

what hormone is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure?

A

angiotensin II

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14
Q

what hormone is released by the heart and lowers blood pressure

A

atrial nutriuretic peptide (ANP)

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15
Q

which system is responsible for long-term maintenance of blood pressure?

A

urinary system

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16
Q

which hormones affect blood volume and how do they affect it?

A
  • ANP: causes kidneys to excrete more water and sodium to decrease blood volume
  • angiotensin-II: induces thirst, sodium retention, increases blood volume
  • ADH: triggers thirst and increases water retained by kidneys to increase blood volume
  • aldosterone: causes retention of sodium and water from the kidneys, increases blood volume
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17
Q

how do the kidneys influence blood pressure maintenance?

A
  • blood pressure increases, more water flows through the kidneys than the cells can return to blood, water is then loss through urine
  • blood pressure decreases, less water through the kidney and cells have more time to reclaim water and return it to the blood, decrease urine production and increase in blood volume and blood pressure
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18
Q

define perfusion

A

blood flow to a tissue through a capillary bed

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19
Q

how is perfusion different from blood flow?

A

it goes through a capillary bed

20
Q

what is the name of the cells that form capillary walls?

A

pericytes

21
Q

define capillary exchange

A

the movement of nutrients, gases, ions, and wastes between the blood in the capillary and the tissue cells

22
Q

what are the three ways substances are exchanged?

A
  1. diffusion and osmosis through gaps and fenestrations
  2. diffusion through the membranes of endothelial cells
  3. transcytosis
23
Q

what substances are exchanged in diffusion and osmosis through gaps and fenestrations?

A

water, monosaccharides, amino acids

24
Q

what substances are exchanged in diffusion through the membranes of endothelial cells?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, certain lipids

25
Q

what substances are exchanged in transcytosis?

A

larger substances

26
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A
  1. continuous capillaries
  2. fenestrated capillaries
  3. sinusoidal capillaries
27
Q

what distinguishes a continuous capillary?

A

tight junctions

28
Q

what distinguishes a fenestrated capillary?

A

fenestrations

29
Q

what distinguishes a sinusoidal capillary?

A

irregular basal lamina, large pores, spaces between endothelial cells

30
Q

what are two examples of local regulation of tissue perfusion?

A
  1. myogenic mechanism
  2. metabolic controls
31
Q

explain how the myogenic mechanism helps maintain tissue perfusion at a constant level.

A

myogenic mechanism alters arteriolar resistance so if resistance increases, viscosity decreases. myogenic mechanism slows blood flow by increasing resistance when arteriolar pressure rises and speeds up blood flow by decreasing resistance when arteriolar pressure decreases. both changes maintain local tissue perfusion at a constant level

32
Q

explain how metabolic controls help maintain tissue perfusion

A

when the muscle relaxes the arterioles dilate which increase perfusions and ensures adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to active metabolizing cells. it can also work in the opposite way

33
Q

in a capillary, what are the two basic pressures that drive water movement?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • osmotic pressure
34
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure (HP)?

A

the force that a fluid exerts on the wall of its container

35
Q

what is a hydrostatic pressure gradient?

A

when the pressure is higher in one compartment than in another compartment

36
Q

what is filtration?

A

movement of a fluid by a force such as hydrostatic pressure or gravity

37
Q

what is the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) or oncotic pressure?

A

the difference in osmotic pressure between the blood and interstitial fluid

38
Q

what is the net direction of water movement at the arteriole end of the capillary?

A

water leaves the capillary by filtration

39
Q

what is the net direction of water movement at the venous end of the capillary?

A

water enters the capillary by osmosis

40
Q

what is the net filtration pressure at the arteriole end of a capillary?

A

13 mm Hg

41
Q

what is the net filtration pressure at the venous end of a capillary?

A

-7 mm Hg

42
Q

what is the overall net filtration pressure?

A

6 mm Hg

43
Q

how much water leaks out of capillaries each day?

A

2-4 liters

44
Q

what happen to the water that leaks out?

A

lost from the blood to the interstitial fluid but eventually returned to the blood by vessels of the lymphatic system

45
Q

what is edema?

A

excessive amount of water in the interstitial fluid

46
Q

an increase in which pressure would favor edema?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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