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A&P 2 > RAT 16 > Flashcards

RAT 16 Flashcards

1
Q

if a waste molecule is in the peritubular capillary lumen, which structures must it pass through in order to move into the tubule lumen? what is this process called?

A
  • from filtrate in the lumen of the tubule, across/between the tubule cells, into the endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries to re-renter the blood
  • tubular reabsorption
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2
Q

what is the paracellular route?

A

substances pass between adjacent tubule cells; tight junctions

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3
Q

what is the transcellular route?

A
  • substances must move through the tubule cells
  • glucose and amino acids
  • first crosses apical membrane to the cytosol and exits through basolateral membrane
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4
Q

what is the apical side of the tubule cell?

A

membrane facing the tubule lumen

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5
Q

what is the basolateral side of the tubule cell?

A

side of the membrane facing the interstitial fluid

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6
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

carrier protein passively transports a solute with its concentration gradient, no ATP

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7
Q

define primary active transport

A

carrier protein “pump” directly uses ATP to move a solute against its concentration gradient

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8
Q

define secondary active transport

A

concentration gradient set up by a primary active transport pump is used to drive the transport of a second solute against its concentration gradient

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9
Q

define antiport pumps (antiporter)

A

move two or more solutes in the opposite directions

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10
Q

define symport pumps (symporter)

A

move two or more solutes in the same direction

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11
Q

define transport maximum

A

where all carrier protein sites are full

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12
Q

define saturation

A

when a carrier protein has all its protein sites full

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13
Q

what cellular feature is found on the apical surface of the cells lining the proximal tubule? how does this aid in the fucntion of these cells?

A
  • sodium leak channels
  • allows for a slower more gradual diffusion of ions to control gradients
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14
Q

how active are the cells in the PT? what are the primary roles of these cells?

A
  • very active! most metabolically active part
  • reabsorption of a large percentage of electrolytes, reabsorption of 100% of nutrients, reabsorption of many bicarbonate ions, reabsorption of 65% of water
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15
Q

what substances are reabsorbed in the PT?

A
  • electrolytes, nutrients, bicarbonate ions, water
  • sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphate, glucose, amino acids
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16
Q

why is sodium ion reabsorption so important?

A

key to reabsorbing many other substances in the PT

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17
Q

what are the carriers/pumps in sodium ion reabsorption?

A
  • carrier proteins specific for sodium ions
  • sodium ion symporter
  • sodium/hydrogen ion antiporter
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18
Q

what are the carriers/pumps in the reabsorption of organic solutes?

A
  • sodium/glucose symporters
  • faciltiated diffusion
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19
Q

what other substances are transported in a similar fashion? (reabsorption of organic solutes)

A

chloride ions

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20
Q

what are the carriers/pumps in the reabsorption of chloride ions?

A
  • paracellular route
  • faciltiated diffusion
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21
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the bicarbonate reabsorption reaction?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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22
Q

what creates the gradient that drives the passive reabsorption of water?

A

accumulation of solutes in the cytosol and interstitial fluid

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23
Q

what is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

water reabsorption in the kidneys that occurs without the regulation of hormones and irrespective of the medullary concentration gradient

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24
Q

what is an aquaporin?

A

a type of water channel in the plasma membrane that greatly enhances rapid water reabsorption

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25
Q

what substances are secreted in the PT?

A
  • nitrogenous waste products and drugs
  • uric acid
  • ammonium ions
  • creatine
  • small amounts of urea
  • penicillin and morphine
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26
Q

describe the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water and solutes. how does this impact the osmolarity of the filtrate?

A
  • freely permeable to water but much less permeable to solutes ( like sodium and chloride ions)
  • water can move out by osmosis but few solutes follow, causing osmolarity to increase as it passes down the descending limb
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27
Q

describe the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water and solutes. how does this impact the osmolarity of the filtrate?

A
  • impermeable to water but, transport NaCl with sodium/potassium/chloride symporters
  • filter loses solutes gradually and becomes less concentrated as ions are pumped unto the interstitial fluid
28
Q

what is reabsorbed in the nephron loop?

A
  • water
  • sodium ions
29
Q

about how much sodium and water has already been reabsorbed before reaching the DT?

A
  • 85% of water
  • 90% of sodium ions
30
Q

what is the major difference in the histology of the cells in the DT composed to the PT?

A

cells of the DT lack microvilli

31
Q

why is reabsorption in the DT important?

A

if we excreted the remaining water and sodium in urine, we would lose 29 liters of water, which is incompatible with life

32
Q

what is facultative water reabsorption

A

water reabsorption that is controlled by hormones to maintain a constant extracellular fluid osmolarity

33
Q

describe the three hormones involved in facultative water reabsorption.

A
  • aldosterone (increase permeability to sodium ions)
  • antidiuretic hormone (diuresis)
  • atrial natriuretic peptide (triggers natriuresis)
34
Q

what are the major modifications to filtrate that occur in the collecting ducts and papillary ducts?

A
  • impermeable to water in the absence of ADH
  • permeable to urea
  • continue to reabsorb ion (sodium, calcium, bicarbonate) from the filtrate
35
Q

explain how the lining of the digestive tract is considered an external body surface

A

because it is open to the outside of both ends

36
Q

what is the endocrine fucntion of the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon released from pancreatic islets into the blood and affect most cells in the body

37
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar cells - they help with digestion

38
Q

where is the pancreas located and what are the regions of the pancreas?

A
  • left upper quadrant of the abdomen extends from the duodenum to the spleen
  • head, body, tail
39
Q

what is an acinus?

A

clusters of acinar cells

40
Q

what is found in pancreatic juice?

A
  • water
  • multiple digestive enzymes
  • other proteins
  • bicarbonate ions
41
Q

what are the two ducts that deliver pancreatic juice to the duodenum?

A
  • main pancreatic duct
  • accessory pancreatic duct
42
Q

name two hormones that stimulate pancreatic secretion

A
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • secretin
43
Q

describe the shape and location of the liver

A
  • pyramid shaped
  • located in the right upper quadrant against the inferior surface of the diaphragm
44
Q

describe the shape and location of the gallbladder

A
  • small sac
  • located on the liver’s posterior side
45
Q

name the four lobes of the liver

A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • caudate lobe
  • quadrate lobe
46
Q

what separates the left and right lobes?

A

falciform ligament

47
Q

what does the hepatic artery carry?

A

oxygen-rich blood to the liver

48
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein carry?

A

nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver

49
Q

what does the hepatic vein carry?

A

drains blood from the sinusoids

50
Q

what is the basic unit of the liver?

A

liver lobule

51
Q

what cells compose the liver lobule?

A

hepatocytes

52
Q

what is found in the center of the liver lobule?

A

central vein

53
Q

what is found at each corner of a lobule?

A

portal triad

54
Q

what three structures compose the portal triad

A
  • hepatic arteriole
  • portal venule
  • bile duct
55
Q

what is the main digestive function of the liver?

A

produce bile

56
Q

what are the two primary functions of bile?

A
  1. required for digestion and absorption of lipids
  2. it is the mechanism by which the liver excretes wastes and other substances that they kidney cannot excrete
57
Q

what are some other functions of the liver?

A
  • nutrient metabolism
  • detoxification
  • excretion
58
Q

what is the primary function of the gallbladder?

A

stores bile, concentrates it, and release it when stimulated

59
Q

what hormone triggers the release of bile?

A

CCK

60
Q

what is the source of CCK?

A

cells in the lining of the duodenum

61
Q

which duct is connected to the gallbladder?

A

cystic duct

62
Q

which sphincter controls release of bile into the duodenum?

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

63
Q

do we really need to “detox”? why or why not?

A

no because of our liver, which convert harmful chemical (toxins) into nonharmful substances that can be excreted in bile or urine

64
Q

what hormone leads to the release of bile?

A

CCK

65
Q

what is the source of CCK?

A

duodenum cells

66
Q

what is the stimulus for the release of CCK?

A

fats, digestive proteins

67
Q

what is another important stimulus that leads to the release of bile? how is this a positive feedback loop?

A
  • bile salts
  • bile salts re0renter the liver, bile secretion increases dramatically, bile secretion continues until the duodenum empties

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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