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A&P 2 > RAT 6 > Flashcards

RAT 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by mechanical physiology?

A

the actual processes by which blood fills the cardiac chambers and is pumped out of them

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2
Q

what is a cardiac cycle?

A

sequence of events that take place within the heart from one heartbeat to the next

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3
Q

which valves open when the ventricles contract?

A

aortic valve

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4
Q

which valves open during ventricular relaxation?

A

mitral valve (AV valves)

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5
Q

what most likely causes heart sounds?

A

vibrations of the ventricular and blood vessel walls when the valves shut

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6
Q

when does S1 occur?

A

when the AV valves close (longer, louder)

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7
Q

when does S2 occur?

A

when the SL valves close

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8
Q

what are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. ventricular filling phase
  2. isovolumetric contraction phase
  3. ventricular ejection phase
  4. isovolumetric relaxation phase
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9
Q

what is EDV?

A
  • end-diastolic volume
  • the ventricular volume at the end of ventricular diastole
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10
Q

what is ESV?

A
  • end-systolic volume
  • volume of blood present in the ventricles at the end of the ventricular ejection phase
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11
Q

what is SV?

A
  • stroke volume
  • amount of blood pumped in one heartbeat
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12
Q

what is a typical value for SV?

A

70 mL

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13
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the outward force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels

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14
Q

where is blood pressure the highest?

A

large systemic arteries

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15
Q

what is blood flow?

A

volume of blood that flows per minute

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16
Q

what are two factors that determine blood flow?

A
  • pressure gradient
  • resistance
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17
Q

how is pressure gradient related to blood flow?

A

directly proportional

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18
Q

how is resistance related to blood flow?

A

inversely proportional

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19
Q

what has the largest influence on the velocity of blood flow?

A

the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel

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20
Q

where is blood flow the fastest?

A

aorta

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21
Q

where is blood flow the slowest?

A

capillaries

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22
Q

where is blood pressure the lowest?

A

arteries

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23
Q

what 3 factors determine blood pressure?

A
  1. peripheral resistance (PR)
  2. cardiac output (CO)
  3. blood volume and vessel compliance
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24
Q

what three factors determine peripheral resistance?

A
  1. blood vessel radius
  2. blood viscosity
  3. blood vessel length
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25
Q

how does blood vessel radius impact PR?

A

inversely related; vessel radius increases, resistance decreases

26
Q

how does blood viscosity impact PR?

A

PR increases by conditions that increase blood viscosity and vice versa

27
Q

how does blood vessel length impact PR?

A

longer the vessel, the greater the resistance

28
Q

what fourth factor influences PR?

A

presence of obstructions within the blood vessels that are caused by certain disease states

29
Q

how do changes in CO impact blood pressure?

A
  • increase CO output, Increase blood pressure
  • decrease CO output, decrease blood pressure
30
Q

the total volume of blood is directly linked to the amount of ___________ in the blood

A

water

31
Q

how do changes in blood volume impact blood pressure?

A

blood volume increases, blood pressure increases

32
Q

explain how vessel compliance impacts blood pressure

A

stretch to accommodate the added fluid when blood volume increases, resulting in only a small rise in pressure

33
Q

which vessels are most compliant?

A

veins

34
Q

is the right or left ventricle stronger and thicker?

A

left ventricle

35
Q

does the right or left ventricle pump more blood?

A

left ventricle

36
Q

does the systemic or pulmonary circuit have more peripheral resistance?

A

systemic circuit

37
Q

does the systemic or pulmonary circuit have a higher pressure system?

A

systemic circuit

38
Q

what does the orange line represent?

A

pressure pulsates

39
Q

what does the black line represent?

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP) - the average pressure in the arterial circuit

40
Q

why is blood pressure often represented by two numbers?

A

because it has both contraction and relaxation periods generated by pulsates

41
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are in systole

42
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are in diastole

43
Q

what is the pulse pressure?

A

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

44
Q

in what part of the systemic circuit is there a sharp decrease in pressure? why?

A

in the arterioles because of the sharp increase in peripheral resistance in the arterioles

45
Q

what instrument is typically used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

46
Q

what changes in blood pressure occur in the capillaries? why?

A

pressure decreases because the reduction in blood volume that takes place in the capillaries

47
Q

what changes in blood pressure occur in the veins? why?

A

pressure declines even further in veins due to the high compliance of veins and the declining resistance as these vessels merge and become larger

48
Q

what are the four mechanisms that aid in the venous return of blood?

A
  1. venous valves that prevent backward flow in the veins
  2. smooth muscle in the walls of veins that may contract under sympathetic NS stimulation to increase the rate of venous return
  3. skeletal muscle pumps
  4. respiratory pumps
49
Q

what are the branches of the subclavian artery that supply the majority of the arterial blood to the thorax?

A

anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

50
Q

what organ does the celiac trunk supply?

A

abdominal organs

51
Q

what organ does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

small intestine

52
Q

what organ does the renal arteries supply?

A

kidneys

53
Q

what organ do the gonadal arteries supply?

A

gonads

54
Q

what organ does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

large intestine

55
Q

what organs do the common hepatic artery supply?

A

stomach, pancreas, duodenum

56
Q

what organs does the splenic artery supply?

A

stomach and pancreas

57
Q

what organ does the left gastric artery supply?

A

stomach

58
Q

what is a pulse?

A

the pressure changes cause the arteries to expand and recoil with each heartbeat

59
Q

what is a pulse point?

A

where the pulse can be felt through the skin in the superficial arteries

60
Q

what are the most common pulse points?

A
  • carotid
  • radial
  • brachial
  • femoral
  • dorsalis pedis
  • posterior tibial arteries

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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